Liquid and Vapor-Phase Activity of Artemisia annua Essential Oil against Pathogenic Malassezia spp.

Abstract

essential oil has given us many encouraging results for its numerous antimicrobial properties. In this study, the essential oil, both in liquid and in vapor phases, was tested against various species closely related to many skin disorders in humans and animals. treatment and eradication are mainly based on old azole drugs, which are characterized by poor compliance, unpredictable clinical efficacy, emerging resistance, and several side effects. Monoterpenes (ca. 88%) represent the most abundant group of compounds in the essential oil, mainly the oxygenated derivatives (ca. 74%) with camphor (25.2%), 1,8-cineole (20%), and artemisia ketone (12.5%). In vapor phase, monoterpenes represent more than 98% of the constituents, -pinene being the main constituent (22.8%), followed by 1,8-cineole (22.1%) and camphene (12.9%). Essential oil of, both in vapor phase and liquid, showed strong antimicrobial activity towards almost the tested twenty strains of analyzed. The minimum fungicidal concentrations from most of the strains tested were from 0.78 µL/mL to 1.56 µL/mL, and only three strains of required a higher concentration of 3.125 µL/mL. Overall, the minimal inhibitor concentrations obtained by vapor diffusion assay were lower than those obtained by the liquid method. The average values of minimal inhibitor concentrations obtained by the two methods at 72 h are 1.3 - 8.0 times higher in liquid compared to those in the vapor phase.

Antifungal in vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Clinical Isolates of <b><i>Malassezia pachydermatis</i></b> from Canine Ears: A Report from a Practice Laboratory

“…Artemisia annua EO had volatile activity against Malassezia spp. ; MICs were lower than those obtained in liquid phase [70].…”

Volatile Antimicrobial Agents and In Vitro Methods for Evaluating Their Activity in the Vapour Phase: A Review

“…Before the introduction to practical use of new preparations based on VAs, a detailed evaluation of their efficiency and safety is necessary, whereas in vitro screening is usually the first step in this process. Among in vitro techniques, vapour phase tests demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of VAs in a way which respects their specific physicochemical properties such as high volatility, Candida dubliniensis IZ 8.5 cm for 0.32-0.64 µL/cm 3 of EO [89] Candida glabrata IZ 8.5 cm for 0.32-0.64 µL/cm 3 of EO [89] Candida krusei IZ 8.5 cm for 0.32-0.64 µL/cm 3 of EO [89] Candida norvegensis IZ 8.5 cm for 0.32-0.64 µL/cm 3 of EO [89] Candida parapsilosis IZ 4.4-8.5 cm for 0.32-0.64 µL/cm 3 of EO [89] Candida tropicalis IZ 6.8-8.5 cm for 0.32-0.64 µL/cm 3 of EO [89] Malassezia furfur O 100 % for 0.133-0.530 µL/cm of air [90] Malassezia globosa O 100 % for 0.066-0.133 µL/cm of air [90] Malassezia pachydermatis O 100 % for 0.066 µL/cm 3 of air [90] Malassezia sloffiae O 100 % for 0.066-0.530 µL/cm of air [90] Malassezia sympodialis O 100 % for 0.133-0.530 µL/cm of air [90] Artemisia nilagirica…”

Chemical Composition and Determination of the Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils in Liquid and Vapor Phases Extracted from Two Different Southeast Asian Herbs—Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) and Persicaria odorata (Polygonaceae)

“…Therefore, it is necessary to sufficiently investigate the composition and properties of the vapors of essential oil. Currently, several researchers have investigated the vapor phase of the essential oil, but it deserves much wider research and consideration when examining the properties of essential oils [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. It is assumed that active compounds in both phases are synergic and furthermore it has been shown that vapor phase is sometimes even more effective than liquid phase to some microorganisms.…”

“…In the last few years, several methods and the modification-testing MICs of antimicrobials in the vapor phase were developed. Usually, the disc volatilization method with various modifications is used [10][11][12]17,18].…”