Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry as a tool to identify adulteration in different food industries

Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy

“…Understanding enzyme phenotypes is critical for categorising individuals into distinguished metaboliser groups. This diversity in enzymatic activity has global implications for chronic pain patients receiving opioid treatment, emphasising the importance of personalised approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce potential side effects [10,[23][24][25][26].…”

“…Metabolism of opioids occurs in two phases, and can result in the production of both active and inactive metabolites. Active metabolites may have clinical activity and be more effective than the parent drug, or conversely may be associated with higher toxicity [11,26].…”

“…Genetic polymorphisms within the CYP2D6 gene contribute to a broad range of enzymatic activities, resulting in distinct metaboliser phenotypes. Despite constituting only about 2% of all hepatic CYPs, CYP2D6 metabolises nearly a quarter of important drugs in the human liver [26]. This enzyme has a polymorphism causing significant interindividual and intra-ethnic variability.…”

“…These variants affect the expression and function of the corresponding proteins, resulting in significant variability in enzyme activity with therapeutic implications. [26]. These alleles, in various combinations, result in different metabolic activities, spanning from ultra-rapid and extensive metabolisers to intermediate and poor metabolisers [20,26].…”

“…[26]. These alleles, in various combinations, result in different metabolic activities, spanning from ultra-rapid and extensive metabolisers to intermediate and poor metabolisers [20,26].…”