Liquid detection in confined aircraft structures based on lyotropic percolation thresholds

Pfeiffer, Helge; Heer, Peter; Pitropakis, Ioannis; Pyka, Grzegorz; Kerckhofs, Greet; Patitsa, Maria; Wevers, Martine

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2011.11.034

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our data essentially confirm recent literature data on the temperature behaviour of the glass transition of pure PVA , and interestingly, the temperature trend is approximately the same as the temperature dependence of the percolation threshold (Figure , right) of the TiCN/PVA mixture; that is, in the investigated range, a humidity change of ΔRH = 10% is related to a temperature variation of approximately ΔT = 10 K. There is however an offset between the percolation threshold and the glass transition of pure PVA of RH = 20% that most probably arises from mixing behaviour of the PVA with the TiCN powder. It is interesting to note that the final sensor contains a protecting layer of pure PVA and that because of this offset, the protecting layer is always in the rubber state when the percolation threshold ‘working point’ of the TiCN/PVA mixture is affected after contact with water.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Our data essentially confirm recent literature data on the temperature behaviour of the glass transition of pure PVA [1], and interestingly, the temperature trend is approximately the same as the temperature dependence of the percolation threshold (Figure 8, right) of the TiCN/PVA mixture; that is, in the investigated range, a humidity change of ΔRH = 10% is related to a temperature variation of Figure 7. (Left) Drop-like exposure of the sensor to an aqueous liquid (cola) at room temperature (see also [1]).…”

Section: Exposure To Liquid Water and Water Vapoursupporting

confidence: 91%

“…(Left) Drop‐like exposure of the sensor to an aqueous liquid (cola) at room temperature (see also ). (Right) Percolation threshold as a function of the gradual increased humidity ( RH ) determined at different temperatures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The functionality of the SHM percolation sensors described in this paper is based on the collapse of the percolation conductivity in a composite containing electrically conductive particles that are embedded in a lyophilic matrix . The term collapse refers to the fact that this transition must not necessarily have the properties of a thermodynamic phase transition under equilibrium conditions, and percolation means, in this context, the theory of connectivity of conductive particles in randomised lattice structures .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leakage monitoring using percolation sensors for revealing structural damage in engineering structures

Pfeiffer

Heer

Winkelmans³

et al. 2013

Struct. Control Health Monit.

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SUMMARY There is a continuous need for the monitoring of engineering structures, especially when scheduled inspections are difficult to perform or if they are too expensive. The present paper gives some results on the performance of sensors on the basis of percolation thresholds that are able to detect leakage of diverse harmful liquids, such as water, hydraulic liquids, kerosene and jet engine oils. The focus here lies on sensor systems that give semi‐quantitative, fuse‐like information on the presence of harmful liquids, which indirectly gives evidence on the presence of structural damage. The common underlying principle is the interruption of percolation conductivity when the respective sensing material is exposed to harmful liquids; that is, the electrical conductivity is essentially lost by sorption and swelling of a dedicated matrix material. The temperature dependence and response times give valuable information on the usability of the sensor in the respective environments. The sensor can be manufactured as a cord sensor or as self‐adhesive patches where the functional layer is deposited by screen printing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Exposure To Liquid Water and Water Vapoursupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Leakage monitoring using percolation sensors for revealing structural damage in engineering structures

Pfeiffer

Heer

Winkelmans³

et al. 2013

Struct. Control Health Monit.

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“…Interesting options of using hydration pressure related phenomena in gels are even given by recent applications in liquid-detecting sensors using hydration triggered thresholds for percolation conductivity (Pfeiffer et al 2011(Pfeiffer et al , 2014. As mentioned above, the first concept of hydration pressure was introduced by Langmuir in 1938 (Evans and Wennerström 1994) and Le Neveu et al (1976) applied the concept to lipid bilayers.…”

Section: Motivation and Possible Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydration Forces Between Lipid Bilayers: A Theoretical Overview and a Look on Methods Exploring Dehydration

Pfeiffer

2015

Subcellular Biochemistry

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Although, many biological systems fulfil their functions under the condition of excess hydration, the behaviour of bound water as well as the processes accompanying dehydration are nevertheless important to investigate. Dehydration can be a result of applied mechanical pressure, lowered humidity or cryogenic conditions. The effort required to dehydrate a lipid membrane at relatively low degree of hydration can be described by a disjoining pressure which is called hydration pressure or hydration force. This force is short-ranging (a few nm) and is usually considered to be independent of other surface forces, such as ionic or undulation forces. Different theories were developed to explain hydration forces that are usually not consistent with each other and which are also partially in conflict with experimental or numerical data.Over the last decades it has been more and more realised that one experimental method alone is not capable of providing much new insight into the world of such hydration forces. Therefore, research requires the comparison of results obtained from the different methods. This chapter thus deals with an overview on the theory of hydration forces, ranging from polarisation theory to protrusion forces, and presents a selection of experimental techniques appropriate for their characterisation, such as X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and even calorimetry.

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Moisture Climate Monitoring in Confined Spaces Using Percolation Sensors

Pfeiffer

Steen

Verstrynge

et al. 2019

Communications in Computer and Information Science

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Liquid detection in confined aircraft structures based on lyotropic percolation thresholds

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Leakage monitoring using percolation sensors for revealing structural damage in engineering structures

Leakage monitoring using percolation sensors for revealing structural damage in engineering structures

Hydration Forces Between Lipid Bilayers: A Theoretical Overview and a Look on Methods Exploring Dehydration

Moisture Climate Monitoring in Confined Spaces Using Percolation Sensors

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