“…Examples include conductivity probes [15][16][17], ultrasound detectors [18], fibre-optic sensors [19], microwave techniques [20,21], laser interferometry [22,23], fluorescence [24], laser-induced fluorescence [25,26], optical measurement methods [27][28][29], rainbow refractometry [30] and infrared thermography [31]. The use of conductivity probes was not considered for this investigation because they require physical contact with the liquid film which would greatly affect flow characteristics due to the small flow channels and liquid film thicknesses encountered.…”