Liquid–Liquid equilibria of ternary and quaternary systems including 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, benzene, ethanol, and water at 303.15 K

Phase equilibria of ethanol fuel blends

“…Volume 69 of the IUPAC Solubility Data Series compiles evaluated ternary LLE data for ethanol-hydrocarbon-water systems through 1992 [17]. Several sets of ternary and quaternary LLE data have been reported since 1992 [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Data are available for about 22 hydrocarbons in the typical molecular weight range found in gasoline.…”

(Liquid+liquid) equilibria for the quaternary system water+methyl tert-butyl ether+ethanol+benzene at 303.15K

“…These vials were equipped with cap, septa, and Teflon coated magnetic stirrer bars to provide an intense and continuous stirring for at least 7 days using multipoint magnetic stirrers. After phase equilibrium was reached, the magnetic stirrers were turned off and both liquid phases were allowed to settle for 24 h before sampling, as previously reported [2]. The chromatographic vials were filled up to approximately 90% of their volumes in order to maintain the vapour space at a minimum.…”

“…Before obtaining the LLE results for the quaternary system, one of its partially miscible ternary systems was studied while data for the other two were taken from the literature [2,6]. Ternary or quaternary mixtures of known overall composition within the heterogeneous region were prepared by weighing, using several 16 mL chromatographic vials as equilibrium cells.…”

“…Data for the other two partially miscible ternary systems: [{w 1 H 2 O + w 3 C 5 H 12 O + w 4 )C 6 H 6 } and {w 1 H 2 O + w 3 C 2 H 6 O + w 4 C 6 H 6 }] were taken from previous works [2,6]. This particular temperature was selected because it is representative of tropical and subtropical climates.…”

“…As part of an on going research program, we focus on the investigation of the phase equilibrium of quaternary systems containing hydrocarbons (benzene, isooctane, toluene, or cyclohexane), oxygenated compounds (methanol, ethanol or methyl tert-butyl ether), and water [1][2][3][4][5][6], because this type of systems has gained importance due to the increasing demand of oxygenated compounds to produce lead-free gasoline. The US Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of alcohols (particularly ethanol) as gasoline additives to provide antiknock properties and to help reduce harmful combustion emissions [7,8].…”