Liquid medium annealing for fabricating durable perovskite solar cells with improved reproducibility

Abstract

Solution processing of semiconductors is highly promising for the high-throughput production of cost-effective electronics and optoelectronics. Although hybrid perovskites have potential in various device applications, challenges remain in the development of high-quality materials with simultaneously improved processing reproducibility and scalability. Here, we report a liquid medium annealing (LMA) technology that creates a robust chemical environment and constant heating field to modulate crystal growth over the entire film. Our method produces films with high crystallinity, fewer defects, desired stoichiometry, and overall film homogeneity. The resulting perovskite solar cells (PSCs) yield a stabilized power output of 24.04% (certified 23.7%, 0.08 cm2) and maintain 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 2000 hours of operation. In addition, the 1-cm2 PSCs exhibit a stabilized power output of 23.15% (certified PCE 22.3%) and keep 90% of their initial PCE after 1120 hours of operation, which illustrates their feasibility for scalable fabrication. LMA is less climate dependent and produces devices in-house with negligible performance variance year round. This method thus opens a new and effective avenue to improving the quality of perovskite films and photovoltaic devices in a scalable and reproducible manner.

Methodologies for >30% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells via Enhancement of Voltage and Fill Factor

“…[ 56 ] With this composition, J SC of about 24 mA cm −2 could be achieved, [ 56–60 ] which impedes the further improvement due to relatively low J SC s. However, compositional modification by reducing MA + and Br − contents can improve PCE due to narrowing bandgap. [ 61–69 ] This strategy increased J SC to 24–25 mA cm −2 , which is however slightly lower than those of (FAPbI 3 ) 1− x (MAPbBr 3 ) x and much lower than those of FAPbI 3 and FA 1− x M x PbI 3 .…”

Amidinium additives for high-performance perovskite solar cells

“…The PEAI layer would gradually transform into the PEA 2 PbI 4 phase under heating (illumination can also cause the heating effect), which brought about a significant efficiency drop. 9,38 For preparing the powder sample characterized by FTIR, the molar ratio of BRCl to PbI 2 was 1 : 1.…”

Super-resolution mid-infrared spectro-microscopy of biological applications through tapping mode and peak force tapping mode atomic force microscope

“…Since its invention, PFIR microscopy with 6-10 nm spatial resolution has been applied over various samples, including polymers [62], aerosol particles [64], boron nitride nanotubes and flakes [63,65], yeast cell walls [66], natural fibrous woods [67], shell rocks [68] and perovskites [69,70]. Liquid-phase PFIR has also been developed using the total internal reflection scheme [65,71,72].…”