Liquid-phase dehydration of 1-octanol, 1-hexanol and 1-pentanol to linear symmetrical ethers over ion exchange resins

Casas, C.; Bringué, Roger; Ramírez, Eliana; Iborra, Montserrat; Tejero, Javier

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2011.02.006

Cited by 50 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Given the 25 severity of these threats the European Union has ruled increasingly stringent specifications for: 26 (1) quality of petrol, diesel and gas-oil ( Although very efficient, diesel engines have had difficulties achieving desirable emission 32 targets, especially for soot and NO x formation [1]. Reformulation of diesel fuel to include 33 oxygenates has proven to be an effective way to provide satisfactory engine power and cleaner 34 exhaust without modification of existing diesel engines [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introduction 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion exchange resins as catalysts for the liquid-phase dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether

Pérez

Bringué

Iborra

et al. 2014

Applied Catalysis A: General

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9This work reports the production of di-n-butyl ether (DNBE) by means of 1-butanol dehydration 10 in the liquid phase on acidic ion-exchange resins. Dehydration experiments were performed at 11 150 ºC and 40 bar on 13 styrene-codivinylbenzene ion exchangers of different morphology. By 12 comparing 1-butanol conversions to DNBE and initial reaction rates it is concluded that 13 oversulfonated resins are the most active catalysts for 1-butanol dehydration reaction whereas 14 gel-type resins that swell significantly in the reaction medium as well as the macroreticular 15 thermostable resin Amberlyst-70 are the most selective to DNBE. The highest DNBE yield was 16 achieved on Amberlyst 36. The influence of typical 1-butanol impurities on the dehydration 17 reaction were also investigated showing that the presence of 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutanol) 18 enhance the formation of branched ethers such as 1-(1-methylpropoxy) butane and 1-(2-19 methylpropoxy) butane, whereas the presence of ethanol and acetone gives place to ethyl butyl 20 ether and, in much lesser extent, diethyl ether. 21

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Section: Introduction 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion exchange resins as catalysts for the liquid-phase dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether

Pérez

Bringué

Iborra

et al. 2014

Applied Catalysis A: General

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“…1,2 The composition and structure of SACs is diverse and includes alumina and modified alumina, 3,4 modified zirconia, 5 reactive clays, 6 sulfonated polymer resins, [7][8][9] carbon-based materials, [10][11][12][13][14][15] and zeolites. [16][17][18][19] Zeolites, which are high-surface area aluminosilicates with a well-defined structure, are among the most widely used SACs largely because they are employed in the petroleum industry as fluid cracking catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphite oxide activated zeolite NaY: applications in alcohol dehydration

Todd

Bielawski

2013

Catal. Sci. Technol.

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A mixture of graphite oxide (GO) and the zeolite NaY (Si/Al = 5.1) was used to dehydrate various alcohols to their respective olefinic products. Using conditions optimized for 4-heptanol (15 wt% GO-NaY (1 : 1 wt/wt), 150 1C, 30 min), a series of secondary and tertiary aliphatic alcohols were cleanly dehydrated in moderate to excellent conversions (27.5-97.2%). Several primary alcohols were also dehydrated, although higher catalyst loadings (200 wt% GO-NaY (1 : 1) and longer reaction times (3 h) were required. The enhanced dehydration activity was attributed to the ability of GO to convert NaY to an acidic form and without the need for ammonium cation exchange and/or high temperature calcination.

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“…55,56 The apparent density decreases with increasing N scl while, in opposition, the porosity increases with N scl . Comparison of the  a values calculated for CGA-N scl /0 microstructures with the experimental measure 30 ( a = 0.97 g/cm 3 ) indicates an excellent agreement for CGA-2/0 ( a = 0.97 g/cm 3 ) and a significant underestimation for CGA-34/0 ( a = 0.77 g/cm 3 ). Nevertheless, the porosity predicted for CGA-2/0 (= 22.9%) is lower than the experimental value (= 31.7%).…”

Section: Topology-density Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Monosulfonated resins present one sulfonic group per phenyl ring. Table 1 lists the physical properties determined [29][30][31] for Amberlyst 15 ® , which is the highly crosslinked (19-20% w/w) monosulfonated resin, used as reference in this work to model P(S-DVB).…”

Section: Modeled P(s-dvb) Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomistic simulations of the structure of highly crosslinked sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) ion exchange resins

et al. 2015

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The microscopic structure of highly crosslinked sulfonated poly(styrene-codivinylbenze) resins have been modeled by generating atomistic microstructures using stochastic-like algorithms that are , subsequently, relaxed using molecular dynamics.Two different generation algorithms have been tested. Relaxation of the microstructures generated by the first algorithm, which is based on a homogeneous construction of the resin, leads to a significant overestimation of the experimental density as well as to an unsatisfactory description of the porosity. In contrast, the generation approach that combines algorithms for the heterogeneous growing and branching of the chains enables the formation of crosslinks with different topologies. In particular, the intrinsic heterogeneity observed in these resins is well reproduced when topological loops, which are defined by two or more crosslinks closing a cycle, are present in their microscopic description. Thus, the apparent density, porosity and pore volume estimated using microstructures with these topological loops, called super-crosslinks, are in very good agreement with experimental measures. Although the backbone dihedral angle distribution of the generated and relaxed models is not influenced by the topology, the number and type of crosslinks affect the medium-and long-range atomic disposition of the backbone atoms and the distribution of the sulfonic groups. Analysis of the distribution of the local density indicates that super-crosslinks are responsible of the heterogeneous homogenization observed during the MD relaxation. Finally, - stacking interactions between aromatic phenyl groups have been analyzed, those in which the two rings adopt a T-shaped disposition being considerably more abundant than those with the rings co-facially oriented, independently of the resin topology.3

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Liquid-phase dehydration of 1-octanol, 1-hexanol and 1-pentanol to linear symmetrical ethers over ion exchange resins

Cited by 50 publications

References 27 publications

Ion exchange resins as catalysts for the liquid-phase dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether

Ion exchange resins as catalysts for the liquid-phase dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether

Graphite oxide activated zeolite NaY: applications in alcohol dehydration

Atomistic simulations of the structure of highly crosslinked sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) ion exchange resins

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