“…Hence, a detailed understanding of the equilibria of the various chemical species in the LPD reaction solution is indispensable to achieving high yields and optimizing the physical properties of the thin films. The LPD method has been widely applied for the fabrication of different kinds of films, such as titanium oxide, ,− vanadium oxide, , iron oxy-hydroxide, ,, layered double hydroxide, − and complex three-dimensional structured metal oxide films. − Furthermore, thin films synthesized by the LPD reaction can be applied in catalysts, − solar cells, − secondary batteries, − ,, and anticorrosion coatings. , In the present study, to elucidate the deposition mechanism, the LPD reaction was investigated by various spectrophotometric techniques including ultraviolet–visible, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. , However, there is much room for further intrinsic investigation with respect to the solution equilibria in the LPD reaction solution, and control of the LPD reaction conditions is still limited. ,− …”