Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Cyanuric Acid from Urea

She, Dongmei; Yu, Hailin; Huang, Qiliang; Li, Fen-Ming; Li, Chun-Jiu

doi:10.3390/molecules15031898

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…An appropriate solvent for this reaction must fit the following principles: the solvent has a boiling point within the pyrolysis temperature range; it can dissolve the urea but do not or slightly the cyanuric acid; it can be well recovered and recycled . We finally choose the sulfolane–cyclohexanol (Scheme ) mixture as the solvent because it could provide an appropriate reaction temperature and the final product's purity was higher than the normal industrial method . It has been reported that the presence of ammonia produced by urea decomposition would cause a higher content of aminated by‐product .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of C‐13‐labeled atrazine

Chen

Lin

Jiang

et al. 2013

Labelled Comp Radiopharmac

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Atrazine is a long-lasting herbicide that has been shown to affect hormone levels in amphibians. Using the C-13 labeled atrazine to detect its residue is effective and essential. This study presents three steps for the synthesis of [(13) C3 ]atrazine, which starts from [(13) C]urea, and results in the incorporation of C-13 atoms at the 1, 3 and 5 positions of the S-triazine ring of atrazine. The method prepares the product in an overall yield of 57.6% and chemical purity of 98.6%, for use as an internal standard.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of C‐13‐labeled atrazine

Chen

Lin

Jiang

et al. 2013

Labelled Comp Radiopharmac

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“…Asam sianurat dengan rumus formula kimia C 3 H 3 N 3 O 3 atau C 3 N 3 (OH) 3 (gambar 2) dan nama IUPAC 1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione adalah oksitriasin analog melamin sebagai produk sampingan dalam sintesis melamin dan berbentuk kristal putih. Asam sianurat dapat digunakan untuk sintesis disinfektan, klorinasi air kolam renang (Downes et al, 1984), antioksidan (She et al, 2010), pelapis cat (Whitten and Lin, 1999), herbisida (Huthmacher and Most, 2005), plastik, polyester dan kosmetik (Chuenarrom et al, 2014) serta feed additive ruminansia (Barboza and Barrionuevo, 2007). trione;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine adalah kompleks kristal yang terbentuk dari campuran melamin dan sianurat dengan perbandingan 1:1 (He et al, 2008).…”

Section: Asam Sianuratunclassified

Melamine, Asam Suanurat dan Melamin-Sianurat: Kaitan dengan Penyakit Saluran Perkencingan Hewan

Yanuartono¹,

Nururrozia²,

Indarjulianto³

et al. 2019

Jurnal Sain Veteriner

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Numerous cases of acute renal failure in dogs and cats from 2004-2007 were associated with the ingestion of dog and cat pet food products and the suspected contaminant was identified as melamine and its derivatives such as cyanuric acid and melamine cyanurate. Melamine is a chemical used primarily for the manufacture of plastics, coatings, commercial filters, adhesives and compounds in the plate-making industry and kitchen appliance.But then these compounds have been abused to increase the content of nitrogen compounds in human food products and animal feed products, respectively. Increasing the content of nitrogen compounds from melamine aims to increase the value of false protein food and feed. Melamine basically has a wide security limit so it is relatively non-toxic if consumed by humans and animals. However, many studies and case reports show that melamine can cause damage to the kidneys especially if present together with cyanuric acid in the body.This paper aims to provide a simple overview and discussion in cases of damage to the urinary tract in dogs and cats that are likely caused by toxicity of melamine and its derivatives are likely to have occurred in Indonesia.

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“…Contamination of soils by melamine and cyanuric acid can occur through numerous pathways. − Nitrogenous fertilizers can contain melamine and cyanuric acid, which can be a source of accumulation in soil, resulting in plant uptake and food chain transfer . For instance, urea can be thermally degraded to cyanuric acid, from which melamine can be formed . Nevertheless, no earlier studies have measured melamine or cyanuric acid in fertilizers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 For instance, urea can be thermally degraded to cyanuric acid, from which melamine can be formed. 23 Nevertheless, no earlier studies have measured melamine or cyanuric acid in fertilizers.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilizers as a Source of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Soils: A Nationwide Survey in China

Zhu

Wang

Sun

2019

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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The use of melamine and cyanuric acid in agriculture, industry, and consumer products has led to their ubiquitous environmental distribution. Nevertheless, little is known about the contamination of soils by melamine and cyanuric acid. Contamination of soils with melamine can lead to plant uptake and food chain transfer of these chemicals. In this study, concentrations of melamine and its three derivatives (cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide) were determined in 98 surface soils and 16 fertilizers collected across China in 2017. Elevated concentrations of ∑melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) were found in soils at concentrations that ranged from 8.67 to 2020 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average value of 213 ng/g dw. Melamine accounted for 63% of the total concentrations in soils, which was followed by cyanuric acid (28%). Elevated concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid were found in nitrogenous fertilizers such as nitrolime (n = 3; mean: 284 μg/g) and urea (n = 4; mean: 3160 μg/g), respectively. The measured concentrations in fertilizers were 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than those found in soils. Farmland soils (mean: 545 ng/g dw) contained significantly higher concentrations of ∑melamine than those of urban and background (forest) soils (92.5 ng/g dw). Our findings suggest that fertilizers are an important source of melamine and cyanuric acid in farm soils. Spatial distribution of melamine and cyanuric acid in soils showed the highest concentrations in eastern China, which corresponded well with population density, industrial, and agricultural activities. An ecological hazard assessment was performed of melamine in soils through a hazard quotient (HQ) approach. The mean HQ value was 0.35, and 7 of 98 surface soils had values above 1. Further studies are needed to discern uptake of melamine and its derivatives by crops and the fate of these chemicals in agricultural ecosystems.

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Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Cyanuric Acid from Urea

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Synthesis of C‐13‐labeled atrazine

Synthesis of C‐13‐labeled atrazine

Melamine, Asam Suanurat dan Melamin-Sianurat: Kaitan dengan Penyakit Saluran Perkencingan Hewan

Fertilizers as a Source of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Soils: A Nationwide Survey in China

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