Liquid Scintillation Analysis

L’Annunziata, Michael F.; Kessler, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384873-4.00007-4

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 601 publications

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“…Quenching in LS analysis is generally attributed to three possible sources: (1) chemical, (2) optical (“color”), and (3) ionization quenching. 26,29,68–70 Ionization quenching occurs during all α emissions; it is the result of the high density of excitation events that occur along the linear energy transfer (LET) pathway. Photon emissions are lost when concentrated ionization events occur, thus reducing the total photon output.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24,25 LS analysis is a highly sensitive technique for measuring α-emitting radionuclides, with virtually 100% counting efficiency. 26 However, pulse height spectral resolution is limited, 27,28 and quenching within the sample can shift α peaks to lower pulse height channels, degrade spectral quality, and diminish the counting efficiency. 26,29–32 It is challenging to use LS analysis to identify specific α-emission energies, although this has been demonstrated previously using quench correction techniques coupled with peak deconvolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 However, pulse height spectral resolution is limited, 27,28 and quenching within the sample can shift α peaks to lower pulse height channels, degrade spectral quality, and diminish the counting efficiency. 26,29–32 It is challenging to use LS analysis to identify specific α-emission energies, although this has been demonstrated previously using quench correction techniques coupled with peak deconvolution. 27,33–36 LS analysis performed directly on sample solutions is therefore primarily useful for gross α determination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the collection and direct measurement of adsorbed alpha-emitting radionuclides from environmental waters by liquid scintillation analysis

O’Hara

Addleman

2017

Anal. Methods

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Radioactive contamination, be it from accidental or intentional release, can create an urgent need to assess water and food supplies and the environment, and monitor human health. In the event of such an emergency, rapid and efficient methods may be needed to assess contamination levels in scores of samples within a short time frame. Internalized exposure to radionuclides that decay by alpha (α) emission can be especially hazardous, given the strongly ionizing nature of the α particle. Unfortunately, the determination of α-emitting radionuclides using traditional radioanalytical methods is typically labor and resource intensive and time consuming. In an effort to devise methods that are fast, require little labor and laboratory expendables, and minimize the use of toxic or corrosive reagents, researchers at PNNL have evaluated superparamagnetic nanoparticles as extracting agents for α-emitting radionuclides from chemically unmodified and acidified (pH 2) aqueous systems. It is demonstrated that bare magnetite nanoparticles exhibit strong affinity for two representative α-emitting radionuclides (241Am and 210Po) from two representative aqueous matrices (river and ground water). Furthermore, use of the superparamagnetic properties of these nanomaterials to concentrate the analyte-bearing solids from the bulk aqueous solution has been demonstrated. The nanoparticle concentrate can be either directly dispensed into a scintillation cocktail, or first dissolved and then added to a scintillation cocktail as a solution for an α-emission assay by liquid scintillation analysis. Despite the severe quenching caused by the metal oxide suspensions in the cocktail, the authors have demonstrated that modern liquid scintillation analyzers can report accurate α activity count rates; the upper limits of nanoparticle suspension concentrations in a cocktail are reported for cases wherein normal instrument count mode and a quench correction protocol are used. Discussions are provided on the presented sample processing and analysis method, the improvement (lowering) of minimum detectable activity concentrations using the nanoparticle-based assay method, and the quenching effects of nanoparticle suspensions in a scintillation cocktail.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the collection and direct measurement of adsorbed alpha-emitting radionuclides from environmental waters by liquid scintillation analysis

O’Hara

Addleman

2017

Anal. Methods

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“…There are a number of different methods which can be employed to achieve this, including precipitation [12], liquid-liquid extraction [13], solidphase extraction [14] and chromatography [15]. When multiple radionuclides are present in the sample, which is inevitable as 90 Sr decays to 90 Y , it is possible to resolve radionuclides by their spectra provided their beta energies differ significantly [16]. This is achieved by measuring activity over multiple energy windows, and using the resulting information to mathematically resolve the individual energy spectra of the radionuclides present.…”

Section: Existing Methods For 90 Sr Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beta detection of strontium-90 and the potential for direct in situ beta detection for nuclear decommissioning applications

Turkington

Gamage

Graham

2018

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…Quench indicating parameters (QIPs) were measured on a Beckman Coulter LS6500 (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) liquid scintillation counter equipped with a 137 Cs source to generate the Compton spectrum used to characterize quenching. The Beckman counter reports the QIP in terms of the Horrock’s number (H#), which is defined as the inflection point at the Compton edge [14]. Repeated measurements over time revealed phase instability in some samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase stability and lithium loading capacity in a liquid scintillation cocktail

Bergeron

Mumm

Tyra

2017

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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Liquid scintillation cocktails loaded with neutron capture agents such as 6Li are used in both neutron and neutrino detectors. For detectors designed to operate over extended timespans, long-term stability can be a concern. We demonstrate the identification of thermodynamically unstable emulsions as distinct from stable microemulsions, driving phase separation with centrifugation. Phase separation was identified by monitoring the quench indicating parameter, measured using an external Compton source. Samples were also characterized by dynamic light scattering, where in an extreme case, phase separation could be observed in real time. We describe a stable cocktail with 0.01 mass fraction added Li, a relatively high Li concentration.

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Liquid Scintillation Analysis

Cited by 17 publications

References 601 publications

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the collection and direct measurement of adsorbed alpha-emitting radionuclides from environmental waters by liquid scintillation analysis

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the collection and direct measurement of adsorbed alpha-emitting radionuclides from environmental waters by liquid scintillation analysis

Beta detection of strontium-90 and the potential for direct in situ beta detection for nuclear decommissioning applications

Phase stability and lithium loading capacity in a liquid scintillation cocktail

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