Liquid water visualization in PEM fuel cells: A review

Bazylak, Aimy

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.084

Cited by 388 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Further research is required to identify the optimum cooling method for vehicular applications. Another major issue with stack design for LT-PEMFC is that water management is difficult to balance [143]. Too little water and the membrane dehydrates, which causes a decrease in the fuel cell performance.…”

Section: Stack Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review

Chandan

Hattenberger

El-Kharouf

et al. 2013

Journal of Power Sources

824

444

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One possible solution of combating issues posed by climate change is the use of the High Temperature (HT) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) in some applications. The typical HT-PEMFC operating temperatures are in the range of 100e200 o C which allows for co-generation of heat and power, high tolerance to fuel impurities and simpler system design. This paper reviews the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC, ranging from cell materials to stack and stack testing. Only acid doped PBI membranes meet the US DOE (Department of Energy) targets for high temperature membranes operating under no humidification on both anode and cathode sides (barring the durability). This eliminates the stringent requirement for humidity however, they have many potential drawbacks including increased degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material determines the other fuel cell component material composition, for example when using an acid doped system, the flow field plate material must be carefully selected to take into account the advanced degradation. Novel research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components in order to ensure that they meet stringent durability requirements for mobile applications.

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Section: Stack Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review

Chandan

Hattenberger

El-Kharouf

et al. 2013

Journal of Power Sources

824

444

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A review by Bazylak [25] highlights these efforts. Optical visualizations of liquid water are possible in the gas flow channels if specialized, transparent fuel cell architectures are employed [26][27][28].…”

Section: Visualizations Of Liquid Water Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two most widely adopted techniques to directly measure the GDL liquid water accumulation in operando are neutron imaging and synchrotron X-ray imaging [25,29]. These techniques are based on measurements of the attenuated intensity of a neutron or X-ray beam which is incident on the fuel cell.…”

Section: Visualizations Of Liquid Water Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique has therefore been very useful in liquid water transport research [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Neutron-based PEM fuel cell studies are generally limited to spatial resolutions of 25 μm at temporal resolutions of 5.4 s [25]. However, researchers have achieved spatial resolutions as small as 15.4 μm with a temporal resolution of 54 s [30] and 2.5 μm with a temporal resolution of 5 minutes using specialized detection systems [31].…”

Section: Visualizations Of Liquid Water Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid water saturation and oxygen transport resistance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell gas diffusion layers

Muirhead

Banerjee

George

et al. 2018

Electrochimica Acta

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In this thesis, the relative humidity (RH) of the cathode reactant gas was investigated as a factor which influences gas diffusion layer (GDL) liquid water accumulation and mass transport-related efficiency losses over a range of operating current densities in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Limiting current measurements were used to characterize fuel cell oxygen transport resistance while simultaneous measurements of liquid water accumulation were conducted using synchrotron X-ray radiography. GDL porosity distributions were characterized with micro-computed tomography (μCT). The work presented here can be used by researchers to develop improved numerical models to predict GDL liquid water accumulation and to inform the design of next-generation GDL materials to mitigate mass transport-related efficiency losses. This work also contributes an extensive set of concurrent performance and liquid water visualization data to the PEM fuel cell field that can be used for validating multiphase transport models.iii

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“…Also membranes and membrane electrode assemblies (Garzon et al, 2007;Pfrang et al, 2011) have been imaged by X-ray computed tomography and even functioning fuel cells have been imaged by synchrotron-based methods and soft X-ray radiography e.g. for imaging of liquid water in the GDL (Sinha et al, 2006;Bazylak, 2009;Sasabe et al, 2010;Tsushima & Hirai, 2011 Table 1. Properties of gas diffusion layers investigated by X-ray computed tomography (Toray Industries, 2005b;SGL Group, 2009;Pfrang et al, 2010) Here, CT data from three different commercially available gas diffusion layers will be discussed which were imaged by a nanotom X-ray computed tomography system (GE Sensing and Inspection Technologies, phoenix X-ray, Wunstorf, Germany) at a resolution below 1 µm.…”

Section: Fig 2 Principle Of X-ray Computed Tomography (Ct)mentioning

confidence: 99%