Liquid Wicking in a Paper Strip: An Experimental and Numerical Study

Mahapatra, Pallab Sinha

doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c02407

Cited by 38 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Wettability causes the porous surface to wet first, which allows the liquid to wick throughout the porous media. Wicking liquid happens instinctively in porous media because of the negative influence of capillary pressure [22]. However, according to Lucas Washburn's primary model of the wicking phenomenon, the paper comprises randomly oriented fibres, called paper bundles of capillary tubes [6].…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences of the experimental and L-W also contributed with other effect like evaporation of liquid to the surrounding environment. The evaporation model needs to be embedded in the L-W equation as mentioned in the work of Patari and Mahapatra [22]. In addition, Patari and Mahapatra [22] also recommended an improved capillary radius model in order to match correctly the experimental data and L-W equation.…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Fluid Flow Through Porous Media

Sunhazim

Norhaidi²,

Yazid³

et al. 2022

ARFMTS

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Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are highly in demand because of their important usage in the field of medical diagnostic, biology and environmental testing. Porous media has been used as a μPADs with the benefits of cost-effective, excellent performance and ease of usage. Recently, porous media from paper-based filter paper has also been used as the main component for a self-powered imbibing micropump actuation. In this study, characterization of porous media from different specifications of Whatman ashless grade W40, W41 and W42 filter papers has been studied. In addition, the wicking or capillary flow capability of the porous media under an open and confined environment was also analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and ImageJ image processing have been used as the method to determine the filter paper characteristics. Whatman filter paper grade W41 has the highest percentage of porosity which is 70.82 %. The porosity of filter paper grade W40 and W42 are 70.24 % and 61.8 % respectively. Meanwhile, experiments were conducted to understand the water wicking process for Whatman filter paper for different paper shapes and environments. Diamond-shaped filter paper resulted in faster wicking in the free environment compared with the constraint environment. The percentage difference of the wicking under these environments is 61.56 % and 141.09 % for W40 and W41 filter paper respectively. The experiment conducted also confirmed that the wicking behavior of the capillary height of the liquid in filter paper is proportional to the square root of the time. This result agreed well with the Lucas-Washburn equation. In conclusion, the characteristics of the liquid flow in porous media are closely related to its specification as provided by the manufacturer. Furthermore, the decrease of liquid wicking in a confined environment is the result of the high resistance of a liquid to flow with decreased filter paper porosity, permeability and thickness. This study provides important findings that will help in the optimization and best design of self-powered imbibing micropump for microfluidic device development.

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Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Fluid Flow Through Porous Media

Sunhazim

Norhaidi²,

Yazid³

et al. 2022

ARFMTS

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“…(Buser, 2016; Cai and Yu, 2011; Chang et al, 2018; Chaudhury et al, 2016; Elizalde et al, 2015; Kar et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2015; Millington, 1959; Millington and Quirk, 1959; Modha et al, 2021; Richards, 1931; Shou et al, 2014) The pioneering work by Lucas (Lucas, 1918) and Washburn (Washburn, 1921) over a century ago, which consisted of modelling the porous media as a bundle of cylindrical capillary tubes, is still widely used today, even for the description of flow through a paper matrix, owing to its simplistic relationship between the time-scale and the liquid flow-front. (Buser, 2016; Cummins et al, 2017; Kar et al, 2020; MacDonald, 2018; Modha et al, 2021; Patari and Mahapatra, 2020) However, such a consideration suffers from significant limitation, especially while dealing with the intricate and tortuous nature of the fibres in a paper media. (Buser, 2016; Cummins et al, 2017; MacDonald, 2018; Modha et al, 2021) Therefore, as an alternative, researchers used the Darcy’s law for modelling the fluid imbibition in a paper device.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Fabrication, and Theoretical Investigation of a Cost-Effective Laser Printing Based Colorimetric Paper Sensor for Non-Invasive Glucose and Ketone Detection

Mukhopadhyay

Subramanian

Durga

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Diabetes, a chronic condition, is one of the prevalent afflictions of the 21st century, and if left unchecked, this ailment could lead to severe life-threatening complications. A widely accepted methodology for monitoring diabetes is the estimation of the glucose and ketone contents in the body fluids, viz. blood, urine, etc. Additionally, certain conditions such as starvation, and following a protein-rich diet (e.g., keto-diet) could also lead to significant changes in the ketone content, thereby resulting in a false-positive diagnosis. Hence, a precise, portable, and on-demand procedure for the rapid and combined estimation of glucose and ketone in bodily fluids is of utmost importance. To that end, paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are promising tools, owing to their multitudinous advantages, and compatibility with biofluids. Although, numerous researchers have contributed substantially in the fundamental investigation, design, and fabrication of μPADs for various applications, a combined platform capable of rapid, accurate, and on-demand glucose and ketone detection, that is easy to fabricate, is still relatively unexplored. Moreover, the flow dynamics of an analyte, in combination with enzyme-catalyzed (for glucose) and uncatalyzed reactions (for ketone), within a porous paper matrix is also vaguely understood. Herein, we present a facile laser-printing-based fabrication of colorimetric sensors on a filter paper, for rapid, and non-invasive estimation of glucose and ketone contents in urine. The urine sample, upon being deposited in a particular expanse, is wicked through the paper matrix, and reacts with specific reagents in the designated zone(s), giving rise to final color, concomitant with the glucose or ketone content in the sample. The device design enables the liquid to be wicked into the porous matrix in a way that would concentrate the colored product in a dedicated detection zone, thereby augmenting the feasibility for accurate colorimetric detection. Furthermore, we present for the first time, a detailed dynamic model of the flow-field in a variable cross-section paper device using the Richards equation, while also considering the species transport and reaction kinetics within the porous media. The results of the numerical simulation agree well with those observed experimentally, thereby validating the present model. Finally, we also developed a web and desktop-based application that would enable the user to upload the images of the colored zones to provide an accurate estimate of the glucose and ketone content in the sample. We believe that our model, in combination with the proposed fabrication methodology, and the in-house developed app., would enable rapid and reliable fabrication of μPADs for various fundamental investigations, and applications pertaining to affordable healthcare monitoring.

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“…The addition of water to milk results in a reduction in whiteness and density, and to maintain these properties, urea is generally used as an adulterant. , Urea is one of the natural constituents of milk and accounts for 55% of the nonprotein nitrogen content of milk . In milk, the quantity of urea can vary with cows and fodder and, in general, lies within 200–350 mg/L (0.02–0.035 wt %).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evaporation dynamics of a liquid mixture involving a nonvolatile solute, colloids, and a volatile solvent is a complex phenomenon due to the coupled effects of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and contact-line dynamics. ,− The evaporative deposition pattern is highly sensitive to the surface tension, surface tension gradient of the liquid, wettability and roughness of the underlying substrate, and nature of the solute. − While there have been several works on the evaporative deposition of colloidal particles on different wettability substrates, the effect of dissolved solute on the deposition pattern is rather limited. ,, In aqueous saline drops, the salt crystallizes when the concentration exceeds the saturation concentration during evaporation. , The evaporative deposition is further affected by the presence of multiple components (evaporation of fuel, ouzo droplets, and surfactant in a binary mixture). Recently, the differences in drying patterns of sessile droplets of blood have been reported as a means to detect diseases. , Milk is a complex fluid that contains nonvolatile milk solids (fats, protein, salt) and volatile (water-enriched material, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, etc …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation-Based Low-Cost Method for the Detection of Adulterant in Milk

Kumar

Dash

2021

ACS Omega

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Adulteration of milk poses a severe health hazard, and it is crucial to develop adulterant-detection techniques that are scalable and easy to use. Water and urea are two of the most common adulterants in commercial milk. Detection of these adulterants is both challenging and costly in urban and rural areas. Here we report on an evaporation-based low-cost technique for the detection of added water and urea in milk. The evaporative deposition is shown to be affected by the presence of adulterants in milk. We observe a specific pattern formation of nonvolatile milk solids deposited at the end of the evaporation of a droplet of unadulterated milk. These patterns alter with the addition of water and urea. The evaporative deposits are dependent on the concentrations of water and urea added. The sensitivity of detection of urea in milk improves with the dilution of milk with water. We show that our method can be used to detect a urea concentration as low as 0.4% in milk. Based on the detection level of urea, we present a regime map that shows the concentration of urea that can be detected at different extents of dilution of milk.

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Liquid Wicking in a Paper Strip: An Experimental and Numerical Study

Cited by 38 publications

References 48 publications

Characterization of Fluid Flow Through Porous Media

Characterization of Fluid Flow Through Porous Media

Design, Fabrication, and Theoretical Investigation of a Cost-Effective Laser Printing Based Colorimetric Paper Sensor for Non-Invasive Glucose and Ketone Detection

Evaporation-Based Low-Cost Method for the Detection of Adulterant in Milk

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