“…From this finding, it may be inferred that to some teachers, literacy is still defined narrowly to reading and writing skills only as evident in the way participants linked critical literacy with the above skills. Meanwhile, "literacy", in critical literacy education, has undergone a significant change from the ability to read and write, which often relates to technical communication skills (Kalantzis & Cope, 2012), to a process of learning in which we learn how to make meaning to change the world (Freire & Macedo, 1987). In the recent trend, the ability to make meanings embedded in critical literacy is facilitated by the use of texts from various spheres such as the internet, videogames, visual images, graphics, and layout (Gee, 2003).…”