“…Related debates suggest that a curriculum view of literacy driven by examination requirements is not an adequate approach; rather the programme should reflect how literacy as a social practice is connected to the learners' lives (Papen 2005, 8). However, given the attraction of the certificate to the adult learners in this investigation, which mirrors the findings of two programmes analysed by Papen (2005), it would be a good idea to combine the two approaches, as she was able to do in her programme in Namibia. Programmes should be demand-driven rather than supply-driven and the approach should be holistic and ideally be based on the more inclusive definition of literacy as a social practice, being "the ability to read and write for purposes and the degree to which individuals feel the need given their individual life contexts and aspirations" (Purcell-Gates and Waterman 2000, 238).…”