“…English learners (ELs) represent the fastest‐growing sector of adult education in the United States (Strucker, ), and educational opportunities, particularly in English as a second language (ESL) and adult basic literacy (ABL), are crucial for refugees and immigrants to obtain jobs and become self‐sufficient. Adult ELs come to language and literacy programs with a wide variety of educational experiences (Anderson, Purcell‐Gates, Gagne, & Jang, ; Barton, Ivanicˇ, Appleby, Hodge, & Tusting, ; Fingeret & Drennon, ; Purcell‐Gates, Jacobson, & Degener, ), and they often face challenges and have needs that differ from those of other adult learners. This is particularly true for refugee learners (Barton et al, ; Muth & Perry, ; Perry, , , ).…”