Literature Review of Adipose-derived Mesanchymal Cells from History to Approaches

Abstract

Context: After about 40 years from the discovery of bone marrow stem cells, the adipose stem cells (ASCs) were identify and the applications of these cells in different fields including the medical and biomedical fields have always attracted the attention of the scientists. The great quantity of stem cells obtained from adipose tissue allows the scientists to rapidly apply these primary cells without culture expansion. Evidence Acquisition: Human has different types of fat tissues and each has its own applications, which means that the ASCs are harvested from different niches and each could be applied for different purposes. There are also specific biomarkers on the surface of the stem cells which is specific for every kind of these cells and the ASCs have also their own surface markers which help to easily detect. Results: Already the ASCs are clinically applied in many other purposes but the first clinical application of ASCs was reported in 2004 for the treatment of traumatic calvarial deficiency in a 7-year-old girl. However in the last decade a huge number of studies has been done on ASCs and the ASCs are used for different reasons and in different medical fields including the treatment of cardiovascular and immune diseases, for healing the wound scars and also is applied for skin rejuvenate, radiation injury, scar remodeling, and skin engineering. Conclusions: This review was to focus on the roles of ASCs in different applications and also provide the researcher general information about the history and current applications of ASCs. We found that the ASCs have a potential role to be used for the treatment of different sorts of disorders, with the less side effects and is also a new approach toward new remedies.

Non‐invasive Reflectance Spectroscopy for Normal and Cancerous Skin Cells Refractive Index Determination: An In Vitro Study

“…The cellular fibroblast pellet was extracted from a skin biopsy punched from a normal adult ear under sterile conditions at skin intervention clinics using a standard cell separation protocol. The sample was primarily cultured in high glucose DMEM with 10% FBS in a flask to achieve 70–80% confluence in each flask .…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids Embedded in an Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel: An In Situ Drug Formation Platform for Accelerated Wound Healing

“…22−24 Furthermore, recent investigations have revealed that multipotent, plastic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which benefit from paracrine signaling, are highly potent to be utilized as allogenic sources for enhancing wound healing. 25,26 Paracrine signaling contributes to the regenerative ability of MSCs either through the whole secretome or even through the exosomes; this signaling has been reported to be effective in wound healing and scar reduction through modulating the ratios of MMP-3/TIMP1, TGF-β3/TGF-β1, and (type III collagen)/ (type I collagen), which reduce the myofibroblast differentiation and eventually promote ECM reconstruction and wound healing. 27 As natural bioreactors, MSCs secrete lots of bioactive molecules, which could accelerate wound healing by increasing the migration of the dermal fibroblast and keratinocyte into the wound area, resulting in accelerated wound healing.…”

“…The main concerns of cell therapy are limited replicative lifespan, risk of teratoma formation after transplantation, and ethical issues . Eukaryotic cells can be considered as robust natural bioreactors that produce a variety of bioactive molecules with the appropriate ratio, which can act as therapeutic agents in the wound-healing process and enhance the regeneration rate of the lost/damaged tissue. − Furthermore, recent investigations have revealed that multipotent, plastic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which benefit from paracrine signaling, are highly potent to be utilized as allogenic sources for enhancing wound healing. , Paracrine signaling contributes to the regenerative ability of MSCs either through the whole secretome or even through the exosomes; this signaling has been reported to be effective in wound healing and scar reduction through modulating the ratios of MMP-3/TIMP1, TGF-β3/TGF-β1, and (type III collagen)/(type I collagen), which reduce the myofibroblast differentiation and eventually promote ECM reconstruction and wound healing . As natural bioreactors, MSCs secrete lots of bioactive molecules, which could accelerate wound healing by increasing the migration of the dermal fibroblast and keratinocyte into the wound area, resulting in accelerated wound healing. , MSCs also increase the level of angiogenesis via increasing the levels of VEFG and HGF, increasing the microvessel density, and improving the microcirculation in the wound. , The immunomodulatory features of the MSCs can be harnessed to modulate the immune responses and inflammation .…”