Literature review on vehicle travel speeds and pedestrian injuries

Leaf, William A.; Preusser, David F.

doi:10.1037/e446312008-001

Cited by 70 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This increases to 40% for vehicles traveling at 30 mph, 80% for vehicles traveling at 40 mph, and nearly 100 percent for vehicles traveling at 50 mph (Leaf & Preusser, 1999).…”

Section: Time To Implementmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Evidence shows, though, that actual speeds are reduced by only a fraction of the reduction in speed limitstypically 1-2 mph speed reduction for every 5 mph speed limit reduction. For maximum effectiveness, speed limit reductions need to be accompanied by communications and outreach that inform the public and make the case for the reduction and by heightened, visible enforcement (Leaf & Preusser, 1999). Some reasons that travel speeds do not decrease by the same proportion as speed limit reductions include drivers not noticing the new speed limit, drivers not understanding the reason to reduce speed or speeding out of habit, or drivers continuing to keep up with the speeds maintained by other drivers.…”

Section: Time To Implementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Helmets Matter: Kentucky Motorcycle Crash Victims Seen at a Tennessee Trauma Center

Testerman¹,

Prior²,

Wells³

et al. 2018

Southern Medical Journal

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“…This increases to 40% for vehicles traveling at 30 mph, 80% for vehicles traveling at 40 mph, and nearly 100 percent for vehicles traveling at 50 mph (Leaf & Preusser, 1999).…”

Section: Time To Implementmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Time To Implementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helmets Matter: Kentucky Motorcycle Crash Victims Seen at a Tennessee Trauma Center

Testerman¹,

Prior²,

Wells³

et al. 2018

Southern Medical Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In pedestrian settings, case fatality rises exponentially with increase in impact speeds exceeding 30 kph (92). This finding is the basis for the advances in pedestrian protection provided by 30-kph speed limits, humps, bumps, roundabouts, and painted zebra-stripes in environments of mixed use, separation of pedestrians and cyclists on roads with speeds above 30 kph, and "soft" bumpers on vehicles (53). See Figure 3.…”

Section: Third Milestone: Return To Higher Speed Limits In the Unitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed, Road Injury, and Public Health

Richter

Berman

Friedman³

et al. 2006

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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Key Words speed limits, travel speed, speed cameras, road injury ■ Abstract We review milestones in the history of increases in speed limits and travel speeds ("speed creep") and risks for road deaths and injury. Reduced speed limits, speed-camera networks, and speed calming substantially reduce these tolls in absolute numbers-a trend that is apparent in the United Kingdom, Australia, France, and other countries, but not in the United States, which has raised speed limits and does not have speed-camera networks. Newtonian relationships between the fourth power of small increases or reductions in speed and large increases or reductions in deaths state the case for speed control. Speed adaptation and the interaction between speed and other determinants of injury risks, including congestion and countermeasures, enter into these relationships. Speed-camera networks and speed calming lead to large, sustainable, and highly cost-effective drops in road deaths and injuries and should target entire populations, not merely high-risk subgroups or situations. Yet, there are major barriers to preventive strategies based on the discovery that speed kills. Modal shifts from speed on roads to speed on rail, lower maximum vehicle speeds, and speedcamera networks are required for progress toward Vision Zero-the goal of no road deaths-through Killing Speed. The human cost of the delay in killing speed in the United States may be as high as 20,000 lives lost per year.Speed Kills, Kill Speed. -The Slower Speeds Initiative

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“…Increased speed leads to higher risk of accidents with more severe injuries [18,19]. The speed factor represents the relative accident risk according to the motorcyclist's current speed.…”

Section: Dynamic Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Safety Index to Identify Differences in Safety Performance by Postal Delivery Motorcyclists Based either in Different Regional Post Offices or within the Same Regional Office

Kim

2017

IJGI

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Abstract:Postal motorcyclists who regularly conduct deliveries are particularly vulnerable to road accidents since they are exposed to traffic throughout their work day. To reduce accident rates, safety officers in each of the local delivery offices alert postmen of any hazardous conditions that may be conducive to accidents. Although some commercial postal organizations already use tracking technologies (e.g., GPS), Korea Post currently has no systematic way to collect their postmen's driving behavior except by referring to each postman's manually recorded daily mileage. In light of this, we developed a safety index (SI) for quantifying and analyzing individual postal motorcyclists' safety performance based on their driving behavior and work environment. Each postman's work environment varies from post office to post office and postman to postman depending on delivery conditions. After creating a GPS based system that can be installed on personal digital assistants (PDAs) that are already used by postmen throughout their shifts, we conducted two phases of field tests during a two-year period involving postmen working in different demographic areas. Using the collected field data, we validated our developed SI and analyzed whether there were any differences in the safety performance among postal motorcyclists working in different regional post offices or within the same regional post office. We found that the safety performance of postal motorcyclists working in different regional delivery offices varied depending on the regional characteristics of the local delivery office (e.g., densely distributed delivery points vs. loosely distributed delivery points). We also found that the safety performance of postal motorcyclists working in the same regional post office varied depending on the specific circumstances of each delivery area (e.g., short commuting routes of the postman responsible for downtown vs. long commuting routes of the postman responsible for a suburb).

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Literature review on vehicle travel speeds and pedestrian injuries

Cited by 70 publications

References 34 publications

Helmets Matter: Kentucky Motorcycle Crash Victims Seen at a Tennessee Trauma Center

Helmets Matter: Kentucky Motorcycle Crash Victims Seen at a Tennessee Trauma Center

Speed, Road Injury, and Public Health

Development of a Safety Index to Identify Differences in Safety Performance by Postal Delivery Motorcyclists Based either in Different Regional Post Offices or within the Same Regional Office

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