Lithiated Carbons

and, Martin Winter; Besenhard, Jürgen

doi:10.1002/9783527637188.ch15

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…(2) Sensitivity of the Graphitic Anode to Solvent Cointercalation: The ideal anode hosts, used in state-of-the-art LIBs, are graphitic carbon materials that consist of graphene layers held together by weak van-der-Waals forces. , The graphite layered structure can intercalate Li + at a potential close to Li 0 (∼0.10 V vs Li/Li + ) but is also susceptible to a collection of simultaneous and competitive reactions, among which the most prominent are the cointercalation of both Li + and solvent molecules into the graphite structure and the subsequent decomposition of such solvent molecules, leading to possible gassing inside graphite and destruction of the graphite structure (“exfoliation”). Such complications prevented the early researchers from harnessing this very promising anode material for decades, until sufficient knowledge about the interphasial chemistries was accumulated. In comparison, although solvent- co -intercalation could also occur with certain layered cathode structures, the effect is far less destructive due to the much stronger forces (both Coulombic and covalent in nature) between the transition metal and the oxygen slabs; therefore, solvent cointercalation at the cathode side never evolved from a mere inconvenience into a disastrous phenomenon.…”

Section: Anode Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

Before Li Ion Batteries

2018

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This Review covers a sequence of key discoveries and technical achievements that eventually led to the birth of the lithium-ion battery. In doing so, it not only sheds light on the history with the advantage of contemporary hindsight but also provides insight and inspiration to aid in the ongoing quest for better batteries of the future. A detailed retrospective on ingenious designs, accidental discoveries, intentional breakthroughs, and deceiving misconceptions is given: from the discovery of the element lithium to its electrochemical synthesis; from intercalation host material development to the concept of dual-intercalation electrodes; and from the misunderstanding of intercalation behavior into graphite to the comprehension of interphases. The onerous demands of bringing all critical components (anode, cathode, electrolyte, solid-electrolyte interphases), each of which possess unique chemistries, into a sophisticated electrochemical device reveal that the challenge of interfacing these originally incongruent components often outweighs the individual merits and limits in their own properties. These important lessons are likely to remain true for the more aggressive battery chemistries of future generations, ranging from a revisited Li-metal anode, to conversion-reaction type chemistries such as Li/sulfur, Li/oxygen, and metal fluorides, and to bivalent cation intercalations.

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Section: Anode Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

Before Li Ion Batteries

2018

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“…8 Li cycled using another ether-based solvent, tetrahydrofurane (THF), on the other hand, achieved decent initial capacities, but exhibited severe capacity fading after a few cycles. This was attributed to the exfoliation of graphite, 9 occurring during repeated cointercalation of the Li ions with THF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR-Detected Dynamics of Sodium Co-Intercalation with Diglyme Solvent Molecules in Graphite Anodes Linked to Prolonged Cycling

et al. 2018

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Following the success of Li-ion batteries, Naion batteries are becoming an important economical alternative, particularly where weight and density considerations are not of primary importance. Graphite, the anode of choice for nearly all commercial Li-ion battery applications, has only recently been successfully used as such in Na systems. This unprecedented success was due to the proper choice of solvent, e.g., diglyme. Interestingly, lithium performs poorly under such conditions, which is the converse of their respective behavior in standard carbonate solvents. These phenomena have been attributed to co-intercalation of the alkali ions upon their complexation with the smaller solvent molecules. In the case of Li, the use of such solvents leads to deterioration, while in the case of Na, it improves its electrochemical performance so substantially as to make the previously irrelevant Na−graphite system viable. Several studies have since followed, mainly focusing on the Na−diglyme intercalation; however, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of ternary intercalation into graphite for both Na and Li is still lacking. In particular, the characteristic differences in location and dynamics of the guest complexes in the host material upon electrochemical cycling are not yet fully understood. In this study, the co-intercalation mechanisms of Na and Li in diglyme into graphite were explored via solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Direct evidence for the atomic proximity of both Na−(diglyme) 2 and Li−(diglyme) 2 complexes to the graphite planes in discharged electrodes was observed. Reduced mobility and stronger coupling of the Li−(diglyme) 2 complex to the graphene electrons are seen, whereas higher mobility and weaker coupling to the host are detected for the Na−(diglyme) 2 complexes in the galleries, providing molecular cues for the difference in cycling performance of the two systems.

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“…Bei der ersten Ladung bildet sich eine Schutzschicht (SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface) um die Partikeloberfläche. Hierbei wird Lithium "verbraucht", das dann nicht mehr für die Zyklisierung zur Verfügung steht [3].…”

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Lithium-Ionen-Zelle

Wöhrle

2013

Handbuch Lithium-Ionen-Batterien

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Lithiated Carbons

Cited by 40 publications

References 269 publications

Before Li Ion Batteries

Before Li Ion Batteries

NMR-Detected Dynamics of Sodium Co-Intercalation with Diglyme Solvent Molecules in Graphite Anodes Linked to Prolonged Cycling

Lithium-Ionen-Zelle

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