Lithium-activated SnS–graphene alternating nanolayers enable dendrite-free cycling of thin sodium metal anodes in carbonate electrolyte

Abstract

Sodium metal battery (SMB, NMB) anodes can become dendritic due to an electrochemically unstable native Na-based solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein Li-ion activated tin sulfide graphene nanocomposite membrane (A-SnS-G) is...

A Sodium–Antimony–Telluride Intermetallic Allows Sodium‐Metal Cycling at 100% Depth of Discharge and as an Anode‐Free Metal Battery

“…The second discharge plateau in the full battery is due to the Na anode polarization, in turn as a result of its poor CE and the need to strip fresh Na metal to compensate for loss of active ions. While two stage plateaus have been reported previous for NVP versus Na metal, [18] this is the first explicit explanation for this behavior. When NVP is coupled with NST-Na, the twoelectrode cell shows a single discharge plateau at ≈3.34 V. This is due to the low overpotential and high CE stripping behavior of NST-Na, which utilizes almost all the previously plated Na.…”

Design Principles of Sodium/Potassium Protection Layer for High‐Power High‐Energy Sodium/Potassium‐Metal Batteries in Carbonate Electrolytes: a Case Study of Na2Te/K2Te

“…However, in most cases, the 3D porous Na (K) hosts possess large specific surface that may enlarge contact surface area between the electrolyte and the metal anode, leading to serious decomposition of electrolyte and reduction of energy density of SMBs (PMBs). [ 27,28 ] Electrolyte additives are known to be progressively consumed upon long cycling [ 29 ] and some of additives are only suitable for ether‐based electrolytes (Na 2 S 6 , [ 30 ] KTFSI [ 31 ] ). Compared to Li metal anodes, it is a great challenge to construct stable SEI for Na (K) due to their larger volume expansion during cycling and weaker mechanical strength of SEI.…”

“…[ 46–48 ] There are few reports about long cycle life of Na (K) metal anodes in carbonate‐based electrolytes that possess many advantages (i.e., higher reduction potential, low‐cost). [ 29,49 ] It is highly desired to achieve long‐term cycling stability at high current density (i.e., 3000 cycles at 20 C) and excellent rate performance (100 C) of SMBs (PMBs) in low‐cost carbonate‐based electrolyte.…”

Interfacial Protection Engineering of Sodium Nanoparticles toward Dendrite‐Free and Long‐Life Sodium Metal Battery

“…To solve these issues, a variety of strategies have been adopted, such as constructing 3D Na to reduce local current density, [ 13 − 15 ] engineering artificial SEI layers to enable the uniform distribution of Na + ions, [ 16 − 18 ] optimizing liquid electrolyte to reduce the parasitic reactions via depressing the activity of organic solvent, [ 19 ] designing solid‐state electrolyte to improve the safety of SMBs by avoiding the penetration of Na dendrites, [ 20 − 22 ] and so forth. Among the aforementioned strategies, the formation of robust SEI film is able to effectively boost the cycling stability of SMBs.…”