Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future

Scrosati, B.; Garche, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048

Cited by 4,617 publications

(2,797 citation statements)

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“…[ 20 ] The low intercalation/deintercalation potentials (see Figure 2 , profi le a) and the high Coulombic and voltage effi ciency (i.e., very small hysteresis) are clearly at the basis of its success. Graphite is, indeed, used in all the commercially available rechargeable hard case LIBs [ 17,19 ] although it presents some relevant limitations.…”

Section: State-of-the-art Materials and Emerging Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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that its extraordinary properties would enable revolutionary new technologies, which gave birth to the "graphene era". [ 3,4 ] Relying on this scenario, in 2013, the European Union launched the ¤1 billion "Graphene Flagship" project aimed to investigate the properties of this new form of carbon for various applications (e.g., electronics, sensors and energy storage devices), with the ambitious goal of guiding graphene from laboratories to commercial applications within a decade. [ 5,6 ] In the same period, the Chinese Government set up a similar investment to mass-produce graphene as thin fi lms (e.g., for touchscreen electrodes) and platelets (e.g., for use in batteries). [ 6 ] In the following years, hundreds of patents, mainly focused on manufacturing and application in energy storage, were fi led and the worldwide production of graphene and graphene-containing materials rapidly increased. Although a few Chinese industries claimed to already use graphene-containing materials for smartphone production, no revolutionary practical application relying on graphene has been yet developed. [ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years. [ 3,[9][10][11] In contrast, due to the lack of an exhaustive analysis of the progression of the use of such materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, we report here a critical evaluation of the most prominent research papers published from 2008 until the end of 2015. As shown in Figure 1 , three different stages of the graphene research in LIB anodes can be distinguished: a fi rst stationary phase between 2008 and 2010 where the lithium-ion storage properties of different graphene and graphene-containing materials were preliminarily explored, a second exponential stage, spanning from 2010 to 2014, where graphene and graphene-containing anode materials were broadly developed and investigated, and fi nally, a third phase, (i.e., starting from 2015), where the research seems to have approached a plateau. After Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the fi rst report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the fi eld still seems to be missing. In this framework, atten...

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Section: State-of-the-art Materials and Emerging Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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“…Compared with lead-acid batteries and nickel metal hydride, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are expected to dominate the market in terms of their high working-voltage, large capacity, long circle-life and non-memory effect, especially with the rise of plug-in hybrid and purely electrically driven battery electric vehicles (Majeau-Bettez et al, 2011;Notter et al, 2010;Scrosati and Garche, 2010). Recently, with the rapid upgrade and replacement of new energy vehicle, as well as electronic devices, huge amounts of spent LIBs are generated worldwide without any proper disposal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Take China for example, the total quantity and weight of discarded LIBs were estimated to reach 25 billion units up to 500 thousand tons by 2020 (Zeng et al, 2012). Generally, spent LIBs are composed of cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator, and the most widely used cathode material is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), which is characterized by high specific energy density and durability (Scrosati and Garche, 2010). In view of the growing interest in environmental protection and resources sustainable use, recovery of spent LIBs especially LiCoO 2 is becoming increasingly important, as it will largely help to alleviate the potential environmental pressures and solve the crisis of cobalt shortage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

2016

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a b s t r a c tIn the current study, an environmental benign process namely mechanochemical approach was developed for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The main merit of the process was that neither corrosive acid nor strong oxidant was applied. In the proposed process, lithium cobalt oxide (obtained from spent LIBs) was firstly co-grinded with various additives in a hermetic ball milling system, then Co and Li could be easily recovered by a water leaching procedure. It was found that EDTA was the most suitable co-grinding reagent, and 98% of Co and 99% of Li were respectively recovered under optimum conditions: LiCoO 2 to EDTA mass ratio 1:4, milling time 4 h, rotary speed 600 r/min and ball-to-powder mass ratio 80:1, respectively. Mechanisms study implied that lone pair electrons provided by two nitrogen atoms and four hydroxyl oxygen atoms of EDTA could enter the empty orbit of Co and Li by solid-solid reaction, thus forming stable and water-soluble metal chelates Li-EDTA and Co-EDTA. Moreover, the separation of Co and Li could be achieved through a chemical precipitation approach. This study provides a high efficiency and environmentally friendly process for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs.

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“…[83] However,t he practical development of al ithium-air battery is prevented by difficulties in mastering lithium metal and oxygen electrodes in an efficient, rechargeable, and safe battery configuration. [84] Another promisingc andidate for ah igh-energy system is the lithium-sulfur battery.S ulfur as an electrode host has the highest theoretical capacity of 1672 mA hg À1 ,w hich is more than 10 times that of the commercially used transition-metal oxides and phosphates. [85] The lithium-sulfur battery is based on the electrochemical redox reaction: 16 Li + S 8 Q8Li 2 S. Althoughs ulfur cathode materials feature advantages such as low cost, long cycle-life, and an intrinsic protection mechanism from overcharging, [86] the poor electrical conductivity and high solubility of polysulfides (Li 2 S x )f ormed during charging/dischargingi nl iquid organic electrolytes limit its utilization as ac athode material.…”

Section: Future Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Powder Diffraction Studies of Electrode Materials in Rechargeable Batteries

et al. 2015

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The ability to directly track the charge carrier in a battery as it inserts/extracts from an electrode during charge/discharge provides unparalleled insight for researchers into the working mechanism of the device. This crystallographic-electrochemical information can be used to design new materials or modify electrochemical conditions to improve battery performance characteristics, such as lifetime. Critical to collecting operando data used to obtain such information insitu while a battery functions are X-ray and neutron diffractometers with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to capture complex and subtle structural changes. The number of operando battery experiments has dramatically increased in recent years, particularly those involving neutron powder diffraction. Herein, the importance of structure-property relationships to understanding battery function, why insitu experimentation is critical to this, and the types of experiments and electrochemical cells required to obtain such information are described. For each battery type, selected research that showcases the power of insitu and operando diffraction experiments to understand battery function is highlighted and future opportunities for such experiments are discussed. The intention is to encourage researchers to use insitu and operando techniques and to provide a concise overview of this area of research.Keywords situ, batteries, diffraction, studies, powder, electrode, materials, rechargeable Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication DetailsSharma, N., Pang, W. Kong., Guo, Z. & Peterson, V. K. (2015). In situ powder diffraction studies of electrode materials in rechargeable batteries. ChemSusChem: chemistry and sustainability, energy and materials, 8 (17), 2826-2853. This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers/4279 In Situ Powder Diffraction Studies of Electrode Materials in Rechargeable BatteriesNeerajS harma,* [a] Wei Kong Pang, [b, c] Zaiping Guo, [c] and Vanessa K. Peterson [b] ChemSusChem 2015, 8,2826 -2853 2 015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2826 Reviews DOI:1 0.1002/cssc.201500152 Batteries and Energy StorageIncreasingw orldwide need for energy is depleting our main energy sources, including fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Concurrently,t he combustion of fossil fuels is increasing harmful greenhouse gas emissionsa nd other environmentalp ollutants. Renewable ands ustainable energy is required to solve such problems. To enabler enewable energy, energy conversion and storage systems are essential to smooth out the intermittent nature of generation. There are an umber of energy-conversion and storage systems (e.g.,f lywheels), but lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are proving to be the dominantr echargeableb attery system. This is because of their high energy density,h igh power density,a nd higher operating voltage comparedw ith other rechargeable batteries, such as lead-acid and widely used nickel-metal-hybrid batteri...

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Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future

Cited by 4,617 publications

References 65 publications

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

In Situ Powder Diffraction Studies of Electrode Materials in Rechargeable Batteries

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