Lithium battery recycling in Australia: defining the status and identifying opportunities for the development of a new industry

King, Sarah; Boxall, Naomi J.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.178

Cited by 82 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…the rst step of the leaching mechanism. At the same time, the Li ions could also be replaced by protons via ion-exchange, resulting in M(O,OH) 6 octahedra in the MO 2 layers, like the formation of Ni(O,OH) 6 in the case of acid leaching of LiNiO 2 . 23…”

Section: Validation Of the Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 However, in many places, the word "recycling" generally only refers to collection, sorting and dismantling of battery wastes, and does not include the further process of raw material recovery from these wastes. 6 Commercial LIBs usually use various types of Li containing oxides and phosphate as cathode materials, such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiNi 1ÀxÀy Mn x Co y O 2 (NMC, or sometimes also called NCM), etc.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

2019

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This paper investigates the reactions involved when LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC 811), which is one of the most promising positive electrodes for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries, is leached by hydrochloric acid.This study shows that the leaching behaviour of lithium is quite different than those observed for nickel, cobalt and manganese contained in NMC 811 since lithium dissolution is faster than those observed for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Analysis of leaching kinetic data evidenced that NMC 811 dissolution occurs in two steps. In the first step, NMC is transformed into a new phase which contains less lithium (2.8 < n < 3.6): 1 st step:1 À 1 2n Cl 2;ðgÞ . Finally, the overall reaction of NMC 811 leaching by hydrochloric acid can be written as: 2LiMO 2,(s) + 8HCl (l) # 2LiCl (l) + 2MCl 2,(l) + 4H 2 O (l) + Cl 2,(g) .

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Section: Validation Of the Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

2019

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“…The materials involved in battery manufacture includes manganese, nickel, lithium and cobalt. Manganese and nickel have large scale reserves, mature supply chains and only 0.4% of the global nickel demand is for battery use [28]. They are therefore not expected to be strongly impacted by demand growth for batteries.…”

Section: Battery Raw Materials Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are therefore not expected to be strongly impacted by demand growth for batteries. Lithium and cobalt, which are used in lithium batteries, have a significantly greater influence on the global EV market, with batteries representing about 6% of the total demand for cobalt and 9% of the total demand for lithium in 2017 [28].…”

Section: Battery Raw Materials Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intelligent Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender for Battery Electric Vehicles

Ren

Davies

et al. 2019

WEVJ

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Road transport is recognized as having a negative impact on the environment. Policy has focused on replacement of the internal combustion engine (ICE) with less polluting forms of technology, including battery electric and fuel cell electric powertrains. However, progress is slow and both battery and fuel cell based vehicles face considerable commercialization challenges. To understand these challenges, a review of current electric battery and fuel cell electric technologies is presented. Based on this review, this paper proposes a battery electric vehicle (BEV) where components are sized to take into account the majority of user requirements, with the remainder catered for by a trailer-based demountable intelligent fuel cell range extender. The proposed design can extend the range by more than 50% for small BEVs and 25% for large BEVs (the extended range of vehicles over 250 miles), reducing cost and increasing efficiency for the BEV. It enables BEV manufacturers to design their vehicle battery for the most common journeys, decreases charging time to provide convenience and flexibility to the drivers. Adopting a rent and drop business model reduces the demand on the raw materials, bridging the gap in the amount of charging (refueling) stations, and extending the lifespan for the battery pack.

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Circular Economy and the Fate of Lithium Batteries: Second Life and Recycling

Ferrara

Ruffο

Quartarone

et al. 2021

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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The lithium-ion battery (LIB) was first introduced in the market by Sony in 1991 and A&T Battery in 1992 [1] to power new portable electronics tools. The first generation of LIBs used a LiCoO 2based cathode and a carbonaceous anode, meeting the main requirements for portable electronics, i.e., gravimetric volumetric and energy densities at around 100 Wh kg À1 and 250 Wh dm À3 , respectively, as well as safety. [2] In just 10 years, LIBs reached a market share of 95% with about 10 GWh of installed energy and a corresponding business of about 10$ billion per year. [3] Later, the introduction of new alternative chemistries (LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , graphite) [4] and the optimization of the battery pack brought the energy density to over 200 Wh kg À1 and 350 Wh dm À3 . These improvements led to the implementation of LIBs in the automotive sector, [5] where their actual impact in the electrical vehicles (EV) market has been growing exponentially in the past years, [3] and it is driving the continuous and renewed interest toward rechargeable batteries. The future of LIBs, indeed, seems even more brilliant and analysts agree that the penetration of LIBs in the automotive market will lead to an estimated demand >500 GWh energy production in 2025 and >2000 GWh by 2030 (Figure 1a) at the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30% in the next decade. [6] The success of LIBs is also favored by cost reduction, which in turn accelerates their penetration into the automotive industry.

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Lithium battery recycling in Australia: defining the status and identifying opportunities for the development of a new industry

Cited by 82 publications

References 34 publications

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

Intelligent Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender for Battery Electric Vehicles

Circular Economy and the Fate of Lithium Batteries: Second Life and Recycling

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Lithium battery recycling in Australia: defining the status and identifying opportunities for the development of a new industry

Cited by 82 publications

References 34 publications

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

Intelligent Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender for Battery Electric Vehicles

Circular Economy and the Fate of Lithium Batteries: Second Life and Recycling

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes