Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight

Pagliaro, Mario; Meneguzzo, Francesco

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01866

Cited by 252 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…An increase in the lithium‐ion battery production capacity is forecast to about 400% by 2028, to surpass the 1 TWh threshold . A similar growth rate is observed for lithium battery recycling plants …”

Section: Economic Aspectssupporting

confidence: 78%

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Renewable Energy Systems: Enhanced Resilience, Lower Costs

Pagliaro

2019

Energy Tech

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The enhanced resilience of today's renewable energy systems, comprising solar photovoltaic and wind electricity generators, coupled with the storage of electricity in Li‐ion batteries and solar hydrogen, is a key attribute of current clean energy technology. Referring to selected recent examples, it is shown how families, companies, and entire regions can now safely rely on renewable energy to meet their energy needs.

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Section: Economic Aspectssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…[24] A similar growth rate is observed for lithium battery recycling plants. [25] Under these circumstances, when the current shortage of affordable Li-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells in Europe is over, home owners will quickly switch to solar PV power plus storage.…”

Section: Economic Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy Systems: Enhanced Resilience, Lower Costs

Pagliaro

2019

Energy Tech

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“…Currently, metallic components are commonly recovered as metallic alloys as a result of pyrometallurgical processes or, in the case of large casing materials, during mechanical dismantling. The remaining materials, e.g., Li compounds, electrolyte, plastics, and organic materials, are lost, except in China and South Korea, where Li is recovered as LiCO 3 [59]. The latter is a useful material, since cathode compounds are manufactured from Li metal oxide/phosphate or Li carbonate/hydroxide [60].…”

Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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“…Therefore, recycling of spent LIBs presents signicant environmental and economic importance. 5 However, in many places, the word "recycling" generally only refers to collection, sorting and dismantling of battery wastes, and does not include the further process of raw material recovery from these wastes. 6 Commercial LIBs usually use various types of Li containing oxides and phosphate as cathode materials, such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiNi 1ÀxÀy Mn x Co y O 2 (NMC, or sometimes also called NCM), etc.…”

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Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

2019

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This paper investigates the reactions involved when LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC 811), which is one of the most promising positive electrodes for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries, is leached by hydrochloric acid.This study shows that the leaching behaviour of lithium is quite different than those observed for nickel, cobalt and manganese contained in NMC 811 since lithium dissolution is faster than those observed for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Analysis of leaching kinetic data evidenced that NMC 811 dissolution occurs in two steps. In the first step, NMC is transformed into a new phase which contains less lithium (2.8 < n < 3.6): 1 st step:1 À 1 2n Cl 2;ðgÞ . Finally, the overall reaction of NMC 811 leaching by hydrochloric acid can be written as: 2LiMO 2,(s) + 8HCl (l) # 2LiCl (l) + 2MCl 2,(l) + 4H 2 O (l) + Cl 2,(g) .

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Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight

Cited by 252 publications

References 23 publications

Renewable Energy Systems: Enhanced Resilience, Lower Costs

Renewable Energy Systems: Enhanced Resilience, Lower Costs

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

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Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight

Cited by 252 publications

References 23 publications

Renewable Energy Systems: Enhanced Resilience, Lower Costs

Renewable Energy Systems: Enhanced Resilience, Lower Costs

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

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Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes