Lithium concentration in tap water, bottled mineral water, and Danube River water in Hungary

Abstract

Due to increased manufacture and recycling of lithium batteries across the world, we may anticipate a rise in lithium pollution in the aquatic environment and drinking water reservoirs. In order to investigate the current status regarding the lithium content in Hungarian tap waters, samples were collected from the public drinking water supply systems of 19 county seats in Hungary during seasonally selected times. Depending on the water sources, such as bank-filtrated river water, surface water from open reservoirs, and groundwater, the lithium concentrations varied between 0.90–4.23, 2.12–11.7 and 1.11–31.4 µg/L, respectively, while the median values were 3.52, 5.02 and 8.55 µg/L, respectively. The lithium concentration in the bottled Hungarian mineral waters was also determined since the daily intake of lithium can be influenced by the consumption of mineral waters. The concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 209 µg/L, while the median value was only 17.8 µg/L. Additionally, a correlation was only found between lithium and potassium concentrations. The lithium concentration was also assessed at ten sampling locations in the Hungarian segment of the Danube River since the Danube water is also a water source for additional drinking water utilities using bank filtration technology. The mean and median lithium concentrations were 2.78 and 2.64 µg/L, respectively.

IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS FOR FOUR TYPES OF MINERAL WATER AND AQUADES USING ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EIS) AT FREQUENCIES OF 1 Hz - 50 kHz

“…Mineral water is one of the main sources of water consumed by humans [1], [2]. Natural mineral water comes from underground reservoirs [3]- [6], springs with one or more natural sources [2] or drilled sources containing a combination of major cations [7], [8] and certain compounds in varying amounts depending on the source [9]. Mineral water is a rich source of copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, fluorine, sodium and calcium [10], [11].…”