Lithium Enhances the GABAergic Synaptic Activities on the Hypothalamic Preoptic Area (hPOA) Neurons

Rijal, Santosh; Jang, Seon Hui; Park, Soo Joung; Han, Seong Kyu

doi:10.3390/ijms22083908

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…These findings suggest that excitotoxicity could be one of the mechanisms by which lithium can cause adverse effects. On the other hand, the effects of lithium on GABAergic signaling are also known to affect the release of glutamate and dopamine [90]. In the brains of rats, chronic lithium use significantly upregulated the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase and gamma globulin (GABA) and decreased the concentration of dopamine [86].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Biological Action Mechanisms after Ischemic Stroke

Munteanu

Rotariu

Turnea

et al. 2022

Life

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Lithium is a source of great scientific interest because although it has such a simple structure, relatively easy-to-analyze chemistry, and well-established physical properties, the plethora of effects on biological systems—which influence numerous cellular and molecular processes through not entirely explained mechanisms of action—generate a mystery that modern science is still trying to decipher. Lithium has multiple effects on neurotransmitter-mediated receptor signaling, ion transport, signaling cascades, hormonal regulation, circadian rhythm, and gene expression. The biochemical mechanisms of lithium action appear to be multifactorial and interrelated with the functioning of several enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and growth and transformation factors. The widespread and chaotic marketing of lithium salts in potions and mineral waters, always at inadequate concentrations for various diseases, has contributed to the general disillusionment with empirical medical hypotheses about the therapeutic role of lithium. Lithium salts were first used therapeutically in 1850 to relieve the symptoms of gout, rheumatism, and kidney stones. In 1949, Cade was credited with discovering the sedative effect of lithium salts in the state of manic agitation, but frequent cases of intoxication accompanied the therapy. In the 1960s, lithium was shown to prevent manic and also depressive recurrences. This prophylactic effect was first demonstrated in an open-label study using the “mirror” method and was later (after 1970) confirmed by several placebo-controlled double-blind studies. Lithium prophylaxis was similarly effective in bipolar and also unipolar patients. In 1967, the therapeutic value of lithemia was determined, included in the range of 0.5–1.5 mEq/l. Recently, new therapeutic perspectives on lithium are connected with improved neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke. The effects of lithium on the development and maintenance of neuroprotection can be divided into two categories: short-term effects and long-term effects. Unfortunately, the existing studies do not fully explain the lithium biological action mechanisms after ischemic stroke.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Biological Action Mechanisms after Ischemic Stroke

Munteanu

Rotariu

Turnea

et al. 2022

Life

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“…Yet to date, the precise pharmacodynamics of lithium regarding BD is not completely elucidated [ 66 ]. Nevertheless, recent studies reported that Li persuades various biochemical processes at the cellular level through the modulation of neurotransmission [ 67 , 68 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li + decreases excitatory neurotransmission at the cellular level by lowering dopamine and glutamate levels. It increases inhibitory transmission by increasing GABA and serotonin levels [ 66 , 67 ]. Li + increases GABA levels, thus directly activating GABA receptors and additionally reducing glutamate and down-regulate N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors [ 66 , 69 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Application of Lithium in Bipolar Disorders: A Brief Review

Kamal¹,

Dutta²,

Rahman³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Bipolar affective disorder includes Bipolar Disease (BD) and Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (BSD). The prevalence of BSD, BD-I, BD-II, and subthreshold BD globally is estimated to be about 3.1%, 1.5%,0.03%, and 1.6%, respectively. BD is a multidimensional disease that exhibits a range of moods of mania, hypomania, and depression. The disease is chronic, complex, and fatal, with a high possibility of reappearance, infirmity, social incompetence, and felo-de-se. Managing emotional disruption, negative neuropsychology, physiology, and immunology is a challenge. This review focuses on therapeutic benefits, adverse drug reactions, and pharmacological intervention for BD and BSD, in particular lithium. Long-term management of BD with a single medication is ineffective and therefore, not recommended. It is advised to use multiple agents for treatment instead. Medications include mood stabilizers (lithium and anticonvulsants), atypical antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Along with medication provision, psychotherapy is of great significance for BD patients. The review was conducted on recent available scientific literature through the electronic database like Embase, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed using keywords like ‘Bipolar Disease,’ ‘Bipolar Disease Therapeutics,’ ‘Bipolar Disease and Psychotherapy’ to highlight the possible effective means of management of this disease of mood instability.

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“…It also decreases excitatory neurotransmission at the cellular level by modulating neurotransmitter (dopamine and glutamate) levels [ 2 ]. It increases inhibitory transmission by increasing GABA and serotonin levels [ 6 ]. Lithium also downregulates N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Induced Sialorrhea

Johnson¹,

Oke²,

Nwabueze³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Lithium is a mood stabilizer frequently used in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder. Because lithium has a narrow therapeutic index, it requires frequent monitoring for its toxicity. Lithium toxicity requires monitoring of serum lithium and clinical assessment by clinicians. Sialorrhea, also known as excessive drooling, hypersalivation, or ptyalism, is common among psychiatric patients. Sialorrhea, an infrequent and embarrassing side effect of lithium, has been reported at varying serum levels, either at subtherapeutic or in the normal range. Here, we present the case of a patient with sialorrhea associated with oral lithium therapy at the subtherapeutic serum level.

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Lithium Enhances the GABAergic Synaptic Activities on the Hypothalamic Preoptic Area (hPOA) Neurons

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Lithium Biological Action Mechanisms after Ischemic Stroke

Lithium Biological Action Mechanisms after Ischemic Stroke

Therapeutic Application of Lithium in Bipolar Disorders: A Brief Review

Lithium-Induced Sialorrhea

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