Lithium Extraction from Seawater through Pulsed Electrochemical Intercalation

Liu, Chong; Li, Yanbin; Lin, Dingchang; Hsu, Po‐Chun; Liu, Bofei; Yan, Gangbin; Wu, Tong; Cui, Yi; Chu, Steven

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.017

Cited by 223 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For example, regarding the requirement for extracting less‐abundant metals on the earth from seawater as well as the adjustable pores and the alkaline‐metal insertion capacity of MOFs, it might be possible to selectively collect Li + , Na + , K + , and so on by a battery‐like insertion/desertion process as reported for TiO 2 ‐coated FePO 4 electrodes. [ 273 ] Therefore, in‐depth communications of interdisciplinary‐background researchers are urgently needed. In the following, the challenges and potential opportunities for MOF‐based materials are detailed from synthesis and EES application aspects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porosity Engineering of MOF‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Yang

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

106

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energy storage (EES)-primarily supercapacitors and metal-ion batteries (MIBs, e.g., lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodiumion batteries (SIBs), and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs)).Both supercapacitors and batteries typically consist of current collectors, electrodes, electrolyte, and a separator. By applying a suitable potential between current collectors, the charge/discharge process takes place mediated by the electrode materials, and the electrolyte ions (i.e., the charge carriers) are accordingly driven to travel across the separator so as to connect the circuit. In recent years, solidstate electrolytes (SSEs) are also under popular development to enhance cell voltage (energy density) and safety of the devices. [1] Upon charging, electrical energy is converted to electrostatic potential for supercapacitors and to chemical energy for batteries, and vice versa. Therefore, each device has pros and cons. Supercapacitors usually provide a high power density (i.e., a fast charge/ discharge velocity) due to the fast physical charge-discharge process across the interfaces between electrode materials and the electrolyte solutions, while the energy density is usually small (≈5 Wh kg −1 ). In comparison, batteries often offer a large energy density (i.e., a large specific energy capacity of ≈200 Wh kg −1 ) attributed to the chemical redox reactions which take place throughout the whole volume of electrode materials, while the operation rate is relatively slow. [2] To construct desirable energy storage devices, porous materials have been widely adopted, particularly for electrodes and SSEs. These materials typically feature a large fraction of interconnected or reticulated porosity with a high specific surface area (SSA), offering numerous potential active sites and mass transfer channels. For example, porous materials based on nanocarbons (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene), conducting polymers, and conjugated microporous polymers with high electrical conductivity and large SSAs have been frequently adopted for supercapacitors, [3] while porous carbons, MoS 2 , and metal oxides have been used for LIBs because of the theoretically large stoichiometric lithium content in the respectively lithiated compound and an accelerated Li diffusion rate inside the pores. [4][5][6] Despite considerable progress made so far, these porous materials fall short of sufficiently large SSAs and readily tunable pores, which constrain the upper limit for the performance optimization and affect an accurate investigation of the structure-performance relationship.Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) feature rich chemistry, ordered micro-/ mesoporous structure and uniformly distributed active sites, offering great scope for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications. Given the particular importance of porosity for charge transport and catalysis, a critical assessment of its design, formation, and engineering is needed for the development and optimization of EES devices. Such efforts can be realized via the design of reticular chemistry, multiscale...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porosity Engineering of MOF‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Yang

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

106

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“…This is inevitable due to the fact that the ratio of Li/Na in seawater is so low that some Na + can compete with Li + to enter the LLTO lattice. 4,23 However, in the remainder of the stages, all interference ions were almost completely blocked. Moreover, the total faradaic efficiencies of all stages were close to 100% (Fig.…”

Section: Lithium Extraction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 As a possible unlimited and location-independent lithium supply, the ocean contains approximately 5000 times more lithium than is found on land. [3][4][5] However, the extraction of lithium from seawater is extremely challenging because of its low concentration (B0.2 ppm) and the high concentration of competing ions (i.e., 413 000 ppm of sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium ions, among others). Thus, in recent years, some innovative ideas have been proposed for the extraction of lithium from seawater, including systems based on adsorption, electrodialysis, and electrolysis, but none have shown promise for practical application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, in recent years, some innovative ideas have been proposed for the extraction of lithium from seawater, including systems based on adsorption, electrodialysis, and electrolysis, but none have shown promise for practical application. In the context of adsorption, absorbents such as FePO 4 , 4,6 HMnO 2 , [7][8][9][10] and crown ethers [11][12][13][14] have been found to exhibit a moderate Li/Na selectivity. In addition, Cui et al 4 recently reported a pulse electrochemical adsorption process and used a TiO 2 coating to improve the Li/Na selectivity of the LiFePO 4 electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining

Liu

et al. 2021

Energy Environ. Sci.

155

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“…Lithium (Li) is a strategic, non‐renewable resource for high tech products including batteries, ceramics, glass, and alloys. [ 1 ] With the soaring of consumable electronics and electric vehicles, the lithium supply shortage is expected to grow worse. [ 2,3 ] Salt lake brines account for ≈70% of recoverable lithium on earth, [ 4 ] and majority of them consist of high concentration of magnesium ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nano‐Heterogeneous Membrane for Efficient Separation of Lithium from High Magnesium/Lithium Ratio Brine

Peng

Zhen

2021

Adv Funct Materials

227

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Lithium extraction from salt lake brines is highly demanded to circumvent the lithium supply shortage. However, polymer nanofiltration membranes suffer from low lithium permeability while nanofluidic devices are hindered by complicated preparation and miniaturized scales despite high permeability. Here, the authors report a facile strategy to prepare positively charged nanofiltration membranes for ultrapermeable and selective separation of lithium ions from concentrated magnesium/lithium mixtures. A new electrolyte monomer (diaminoethimidazole bromide, DAIB) containing bidentate amine groups is designed to modify pristine polyamide composite membranes. Structure characterizations and simulations show that the DAIB modification brings about nano-heterogeneity that not only improves surface hydrophilicity, but also reduces water transport resistance through the ≈100 nm thick separation layer. Water permeance of the modified membrane improves fivefold and is coupled with good stability in 200-h continuous nanofiltration. It exhibits high lithium flux (0.7 mol m −2 h −1) for brines (Mg 2+ /Li + ratio 20) at 6 bar operation pressure.

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Lithium Extraction from Seawater through Pulsed Electrochemical Intercalation

Cited by 223 publications

References 32 publications

Porosity Engineering of MOF‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Porosity Engineering of MOF‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining

A Nano‐Heterogeneous Membrane for Efficient Separation of Lithium from High Magnesium/Lithium Ratio Brine

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