Lithium Harvesting from the Most Abundant Primary and Secondary Sources: A Comparative Study on Conventional and Membrane Technologies

Butt, Fraz Saeed; Lewis, Allana; Chen, Ting; Mazlan, Nurul A.; Wei, Xiuming; Hayer, Jasmeen; Chen, Siyu; Han, Jilong; Yang, Yaohao; Yang, Shuiqing; Huang, Yi

doi:10.3390/membranes12040373

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(271 reference statements)

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“…In LTO, the strong bonding energy of TiÀ O resulted in a stable structure that enabled stable cycling (Li + extraction and release cycles) and wide pH tolerance. [41] Compared to loss of Mn observed for LMO materials, the LTO compounds have low Ti loss. However, low electronic conductivity and ion diffusion coefficient have been reported as the extraction reaction proceeded that induced restrictions in Li + transport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…[42][43][44] Inefficient adsorption/desorption cycling was also found, which resulted in relatively low Li + recovery rates and limited scale up. [41] LMO generally has high Li + selectivity because of its spinel structure where the Li + locates in the tetrahedral site within the LMO crystal. [45,46] Due to its potential for Li + insertion and removal being above the potential for water splitting, the side reaction of water splitting will also generally occur simultaneous with Li + extraction and reduce chemical and/or energy efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers applied Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Erofeyev-Kolmogorov (JMAEK) model to determine the rate constant of the oxidation and reduction of LFP, with its equations [Eqs. (41) and (42)] written as, [137] x…”

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confidence: 99%

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Direct Lithium Extraction Using Intercalation Materials

Wang,

Koenig

2023

Chemistry A European J

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Worldwide lithium (Li) demand has surged in recent years due to increased production of Li‐ion batteries for electric vehicles and stationary storage. Li supply and production will need to increase such that the transition towards increased electrification in the energy sector does not become cost prohibitive. Many countries have taken policy steps such as listing Li as a critical mineral. Current commercial Li mining is mostly from dedicated mine sources, including ores, clays, and brines. The conventional ways to extract Li+ from those resources are through chemical processing. The environmental and economic sustainability of conventional Li processing has recently received increased scrutiny. Routes such as direct Li+ extraction may provide advantages relative to conventional Li+ extraction technologies, and one possible route to direct Li+ extraction includes leveraging of intercalation materials. Intercalation material processing has recently demonstrated high selectivity towards Li+ as opposed to other cations. Reviews and reports of direct Li+extraction with intercalation materials are limited, even as this technology has started to show promise in smaller scale demonstrations. This paper will review selective Li+ extraction via intercalation materials, including both electrochemical and chemical methods to drive Li+ in and out and efforts to characterize the Li+ insertion/deinsertion processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Lithium Extraction Using Intercalation Materials

Wang,

Koenig

2023

Chemistry A European J

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“…Finally, the Li + stripped organic phase is regenerated and recycled to the extraction stage (Bang Mo, 1984;Butt et al, 2022). Cation exchange is the driving mechanism for the extraction, scrubbing, and stripping stages, and acid-base neutralization is the driving mechanism for the organic phase regeneration stage .…”

Section: Solvent Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of technologies for direct lithium extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions

Murphy

Haji

2022

Front. Chem. Eng.

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Under the Paris Agreement, established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, many countries have agreed to transition their energy sources and technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels concordant with the 1.5°C warming goal. Lithium (Li) is critical to this transition due to its use in nuclear fusion as well as in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries used for energy storage for electric vehicles and renewable energy harvesting systems. As a result, the global demand for Li is expected to reach 5.11 Mt by 2050. At this consumption rate, the Li reserves on land are expected to be depleted by 2080. In addition to spodumene and lepidolite ores, Li is present in seawater, and salt-lake brines as dissolved Li+ ions. Li recovery from aqueous solutions such as these are a potential solution to limited terrestrial reserves. The present work reviews the advantages and challenges of a variety of technologies for Li recovery from aqueous solutions, including precipitants, solvent extractants, Li-ion sieves, Li-ion-imprinted membranes, battery-based electrochemical systems, and electro-membrane-based electrochemical systems. The techno-economic feasibility and key performance parameters of each technology, such as the Li+ capacity, selectivity, separation efficiency, recovery, regeneration, cyclical stability, thermal stability, environmental durability, product quality, extraction time, and energy consumption are highlighted when available. Excluding precipitation and solvent extraction, these technologies demonstrate a high potential for sustainable Li+ extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions or seawater. However, further research and development will be required to scale these technologies from benchtop experiments to industrial applications. The development of optimized materials and synthesis methods that improve the Li+ selectivity, separation efficiency, chemical stability, lifetime, and Li+ recovery should be prioritized. Additionally, techno-economic and life cycle analyses are needed for a more critical evaluation of these extraction technologies for large-scale Li production. Such assessments will further elucidate the climate impact, energy demand, capital costs, operational costs, productivity, potential return on investment, and other key feasibility factors. It is anticipated that this review will provide a solid foundation for future research commercialization efforts to sustainably meet the growing demand for Li as the world transitions to clean energy.

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“…Conventional commercial lithium extraction techniques, including calcination impregnation, liquid phase extraction, chemical precipitation, and adsorption, encounter issues such as secondary pollution, high cost, low recovery rate, and poor selectivity . In recent years, membrane technology has garnered increasing attention for extracting lithium from lithium-containing solutions, like seawater and brine lakes, owing to its advantages of low cost, environmental protection, and nonphase transition. , By offering a more cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional technologies, membrane technology opens new possibilities for lithium extraction processes. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ternary Heterostructure Membranes with Two-Dimensional Tunable Channels for Highly Selective Ion Separation

Liu,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

JACS Au

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Selective ion separation from brines is pivotal for attaining high-purity lithium, a critical nonrenewable resource. Conventional methods encounter substantial challenges, driving the quest for streamlined, efficient, and swift approaches. Here, we present a graphene oxide (GO)-based ternary heterostructure membrane with a unique design. By utilizing Zn2+-induced confinement synthesis in a two-dimensional (2D) space, we incorporated two-dimensional zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and zinc alginate (ZA) polymers precisely within layers of the GO membrane, creating tunable interlayer channels with a ternary heterostructure. The pivotal design lies in ion insertion into the two-dimensional (2D) membrane layers, achieving meticulous modulation of layer spacing based on ion hydration radius. Notably, the ensuing layer spacing within the hybrid ionic intercalation membrane occupies an intermediary realm, positioned astutely between small-sized hydrated ionic intercalation membrane spacing and their more extensive counterparts. This deliberate configuration accelerates the swift passage of diminutive hydrated ions while simultaneously impeding the movement of bulkier ions within the brine medium. The outcome is remarkable selectivity, demonstrated by the partitioning of K+/Li+ = 20.9, Na+/K+ = 31.2, and Li+/Mg2+ = 9.5 ion pairs. The ZIF-8/GO heterostructure significantly contributes to the selectivity, while the mechanical robustness and stability, improved by the ZA/GO heterostructure, further support its practical applicability. This report reports an advanced membrane design, offering promising prospects for lithium extraction and various ion separation processes.

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Lithium Harvesting from the Most Abundant Primary and Secondary Sources: A Comparative Study on Conventional and Membrane Technologies

Cited by 21 publications

References 169 publications

Direct Lithium Extraction Using Intercalation Materials

Direct Lithium Extraction Using Intercalation Materials

A review of technologies for direct lithium extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions

Ternary Heterostructure Membranes with Two-Dimensional Tunable Channels for Highly Selective Ion Separation

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