Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Texas

Blüml, Victor; Regier, Michael; Hlavin, Gerald; Rockett, Ian Richard Hildreth; König, Franz; Vyssoki, Benjamin; Bschor, Tom; Kapusta, Nestor D.

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.002

Cited by 92 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…1 In agreement, humans living in areas with relatively high natural lithium levels in their drinking water display reduced all-cause mortality rates and less harmful behavioral problems, like homicide and suicide. 2,3 Other than the necessity of trace amounts of lithium, the benefits of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder have been known for .60 years, and despite large efforts of pharmaceutical companies to develop alternatives, lithium is even today the most effective medication for this disease. 4 However, an important drawback of lithium medication is the development of severe renal side effects (Table 1).…”

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Lithium in the Kidney: Friend and Foe?

Alsady

Baumgarten²,

Deen

et al. 2015

JASN

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Trace amounts of lithium are essential for our physical and mental health, and administration of lithium has improved the quality of life of millions of patients with bipolar disorder for .60 years. However, in a substantial number of patients with bipolar disorder, long-term lithium therapy comes at the cost of severe renal side effects, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and rarely, ESRD. Although the mechanisms underlying the lithium-induced renal pathologies are becoming clearer, several recent animal studies revealed that short-term administration of lower amounts of lithium prevents different forms of experimental AKI. In this review, we discuss the knowledge of the pathologic and therapeutic effects of lithium in the kidney. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of these seemingly paradoxical effects of lithium, in which fine-tuned regulation of glycogen synthase kinase type 3, a prime target for lithium, seems to be key. The new discoveries regarding the protective effect of lithium against AKI in rodents call for follow-up studies in humans and suggest that long-term therapy with low lithium concentrations could be beneficial in CKD.

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Lithium in the Kidney: Friend and Foe?

Alsady

Baumgarten²,

Deen

et al. 2015

JASN

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“…Die Resultate stimmen mit zuletzt zunehmenden ökologischen Studien aus Texas [4,5], Japan [6,30], Österreich [7] und Griechenland [8] überein, die nachweisen konnten, dass Lithiumvorkommen in der Umwelt -speziell im Trinkwasser -mit einer niedrigeren Suizidmortalität assoziiert sind.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

“…Diese Werte sind signifikant höher als in anderen Ländern, in denen die Lithiumhypothese getestet wurde -wie in Texas (bis zu 0,219 mg/l) oder Österreich (bis zu 1,3 mg/l) [5,7]. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die den in der Umwelt vorkommenden Lithiumsalzen ausgesetzte Bevölkerung Chiles eine bedeutend höhere Lithiumzufuhr im Vergleich zur Bevölkerung in anderen Regionen aufweist.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

“…Zuletzt gab es mehrere Berichte über ein inverses Verhältnis zwischen Lithiumkonzentrationen im Trinkwasser und Suizidraten. Solche Ergebnisse wurden für Texas [4,5], Japan [6], Österreich [7] und Griechenland [8] gezeigt. Eine Studie in OstEngland zeigte jedoch keine solche Assoziation [9].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Eine Studie in OstEngland zeigte jedoch keine solche Assoziation [9]. Für Texas und Österreich blieb die Korrelation auch nach Einbeziehung sozioökonomischer Faktoren signifikant [5,7].…”

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Einfluss von natürlichen Lithiumsalzvorkommen auf die Suizidmortalität in Chile 2000–2009: Eine geographische Analyse

et al. 2017

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ZusammenfassungGrundlagen Es gibt zunehmende Evidenz für einen protektiven Effekt natürlicher Lithiumsalzvorkommen im Trinkwasser auf die Suizidraten der betroffenen Bevölkerung. Ziel der Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob die lithiumreiche Atacama-Region in Chile im Vergleich zu anderen Regionen mit einer niedrigeren Suizidmortalität assoziiert ist. Methodik Suizidstatistiken wurden vom chilenischen Gesundheitsministerium erhoben. Sozioökonomische Variablen (Arbeitslosenrate, medianes Haushaltseinkommen, Grad der Urbanisierung, Anteil der indigenen Bevölkerung) aller chilenischen Regionen wurden vom nationalen Statistikinstitut angefordert. Wir be-

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Low‐level lithium in drinking water and subsequent risk of dementia: Cohort study

Duthie

Hannah

Batty

et al. 2023

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Background Lithium, a mood stabilizer, is known to exhibit neuroprotective effects in animal models and may have anti‐dementia effects. Aims We used data from Scottish Mental Survey 1932, a population‐based cohort study, to investigate the association between lithium in drinking water and dementia rate in humans. Method Lithium levels in drinking water from 285 sampling sites across Scotland dating from 2014 were obtained from the sole public water provider (Scottish Water). Dementia and non dementia cases were identified from cohort data by electronic health records until 2012, and linked to postcode. Results The mean lithium level at all sampling sites was 1.45 μg/L (SD 1.83, range 0.5–18.2) and was 1.26 (SD 0.63, range 0.55–9.19) for sites matched to participant data. Of 37,597 study members, 3605 developed dementia until June 2012. Lithium levels were positively associated with the risk of dementia in women (highest in second quartile, HR 1.17, 95%CI 1.04–1.32), but there was no relationship in men (highest in second quartile, HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.81–1.12). The pattern of association was explored further by decile, and in females there was an association between lithium level and increased dementia risk compared to the lowest decile (0.55–0.68 μg/L) in all deciles except the highest, corresponding with lithium levels 0.68–2.1 μg/L. Conclusions Lithium levels in drinking water are very low across Scotland which limited detection of potential effect. Our results do not support an association between extremely low levels of lithium and later dementia risk. We found a trend to increased risk in females at lithium levels below but not above 2.1 μg/L.

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Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Texas

Cited by 92 publications

References 15 publications

Lithium in the Kidney: Friend and Foe?

Lithium in the Kidney: Friend and Foe?

Einfluss von natürlichen Lithiumsalzvorkommen auf die Suizidmortalität in Chile 2000–2009: Eine geographische Analyse

Low‐level lithium in drinking water and subsequent risk of dementia: Cohort study

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