Lithium-Ion Cell Nail Penetration Safety Experiments under Adiabatic Conditions

Abstract

Nail penetration tests under adiabatic conditions are proposed as a new safety test method to simulate a short circuit caused by intrusion in the worst case scenario, i.e., adiabatic conditions. The behaviors of commercially available 18650 type lithium-ion cells with two different cell chemistries, LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 -LiCoO 2 blend (NCM-LCO blend) vs. graphite and LiFePO 4 (LFP) vs. graphite, were investigated at different states of charge (SoC). The results show a small standard deviation for the temperature and pressure measurements from five identical experiments. The detailed examination of the nail penetration experiments reveals differences in the safety properties of the cathode materials (LFP vs. NCM-LCO), separator types (PP PE PP trilayer vs. PE single layer) and electrode designs (high power vs. high energy). For both cell types, the observed cooling effect at high energy contents could be linked to an increased gas production due to the loss of electrolyte.

Opportunities for near zero volt storage of lithium ion batteries

“…4 When in a user-active state, manufacturer defects or abuse of lithium ion cells within a battery can lead to a thermal runaway event. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Thermal runaway results from several internal exothermic reactions that are initiated by overheating of a cell that can result from internal short, rapid charge/discharge, overcharge, external heating, or other abuse condition. The exothermic reactions include SEI decomposition, electrolyte reaction with the electrodes, decomposition of active materials and electrolyte decomposition.…”

“…The exothermic reactions include SEI decomposition, electrolyte reaction with the electrodes, decomposition of active materials and electrolyte decomposition. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Thermal runaway can result in a dangerous fire or explosion that can propagate to other nearby cells. 19,20 In the case of a large battery consisting of many lithium ion cells, or many batteries stored together, propagation can lead to a very dangerous event with severe damage including explosion, fire, and venting of toxic gases.…”

Thermal Analysis of LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2/Mesocarbon Microbeads Cells and Electrodes: State-of-Charge and State-of-Health Influences on Reaction Kinetics

“…m electrode [13] whereas the indexes i accounts for all components of a sample as summarized in graphs. It can be also observed that both autocatalytic and AvramiErofeev type reaction models show similar results, which especially holds for the 2/3 and 3/4 shape on the cathode side and the 1/2 and 2/3 shape on the anode side.…”

“…[4][5][6] Many studies have dealt with the investigation of aging and safety individually as well as their interplay. 4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Yet, these interactions are not fully understood. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) has been reported to be a promising method to measure the thermal stability of samples under quasi-adiabatic conditions.…”

Extraction of lithium-ion battery electrolytes with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide and additional solvents

“…Panasonic CGR18650CH Li-ion MH12210 (2.2 Ah, NMC/ graphite) were bought from BattEnergy. 18 650 cells are oen used for safety investigations, [68][69][70] and are generally applied in laptops and E-bikes. 4.8 Ah NMC/graphite pouch cells were fabricated with an in-house battery line.…”