Lithium‐Ion Conducting Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Batteries

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of the various types of lithium salts used to conduct Li(+) ions in electrolyte solutions for lithium rechargeable batteries. More emphasis is paid towards lithium salts and their ionic conductivity in conventional solutions, solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation towards carbonaceous anodes and the effect of anions on the aluminium current collector. The physicochemical and functional parameters relevant to electrochemical properties, that is, electrochemical stabilities, are also presented. The new types of lithium salts, such as the bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), oxalyldifluoroborate (LiODFB) and fluoroalkylphosphate (LiFAP), are described in detail with their appropriate synthesis procedures, possible decomposition mechanism for SEI formation and prospect of using them in future generation lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the state-of-the-art of the system is given and some interesting strategies for the future developments are illustrated.

A single-ion gel polymer electrolyte based on polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate and its superior battery performance

“…It is well known that gel polymer electrolytes usually have an inferior ionic conductivity when compared with traditional liquid electrolytes, which impairs the power performance of gel polymer batteries [9,10,18]. Three strategies are consequently involved to improve the power performance.…”

“…However, the largecapacity battery modulus claims more safety concerns, because fire or explosion at abnormal conditions may lead to serious hazards owing to the hidden peril of traditional liquid electrolyte system, i.e., lithium hexafluorophosphate solutions in aprotic organic solvents. This traditional liquid electrolyte system has been widely used in state of the art technology mainly owing to its high ionic conductivity (10 −3 -10 −2 S cm −1 ) at room temperature [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The use of a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) in place of the liquid electrolyte may help to tackle safety concerns: (i) suppression of lithium dendrite growth that is usually caused by uneven currents when charged in the case of porous separators.…”

“…Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) is predominant lithium salt in liquid electrolyte system [9,10]. However, LiPF 6 is known to be extremely sensitive to moisture and thermally decompose at about 60°C.…”

Recent Advances in the Use of Carbonyl Compounds as Active Components in Organic-Based Batteries

“…The salt must be suitable for both the cathode and the anode materials depending on the material systems employed as the counter electrode. Similarly, the salts to be used as electrolytes must possess the following properties; it must be inert towards the two electrodes, it must have low viscosity with high conductivity, and must have high boiling point [39,40]. Therefore, salts of lithium, ammonium and sodium are often utilized for this purpose.…”

Non-aqueous energy storage devices using graphene nanosheets synthesized by green route

“…In addition to the supercapacitive properties of graphene, the possibility of using the same as anode material for LIBs has also been explored in half-cell configurations. [23][24][25] Generally, high energy density LIB requires good performance anodes with capacity more than commercially available graphitic anodes (∼372 mAh g -1 ). Due to the unique two dimensional structures of graphene nanosheets capable of adsorbing Li + ions on both sides turbostatically, it provides a maximum reversible capacity of ∼744 mAh g -1 .…”