Lithium literature review:  lithium's properties and interactions

Jeppson, D.W.; Ballif, J.L.; Yuan, Weiliang; Chou, B.E.

doi:10.2172/6885395

Cited by 105 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…In fact, although pure, solid, room temperature lithium does not attack materials commonly used in fusion experiments, liquid lithium (melting point 180.5 °C) does. Copper, gold, platinum, aluminum, aluminum oxide, and many other materials used in fusion experiments are not suitable for use in contact with liquid lithium [17]. Nickel and alloys (e.g.…”

Section: Engineering Ltx For Liquid Lithiummentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of lithium wall coatings on NSTX discharges and the engineering of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)

Majeski

Kugel

Kaita

et al. 2010

Fusion Engineering and Design

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Recent experiments on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) have shown the benefits of solid lithium coatings on carbon PFC's to diverted plasma performance, in both Land H-mode confinement regimes. Better particle control, with decreased inductive flux consumption, and increased electron temperature, ion temperature, energy confinement time, and DD neutron rate were observed. Successive increases in lithium coverage resulted in the complete suppression of ELM activity in H-mode discharges. A liquid lithium divertor (LLD), which will employ the porous molybdenum surface developed for the LTX shell, is being installed on NSTX for the 2010 run period, and will provide comparisons between liquid walls in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) and liquid divertor targets in NSTX.LTX, which recently began operations at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, is the world's first confinement experiment with full liquid metal plasma-facing components (PFCs). All materials and construction techniques in LTX are compatible with liquid lithium. LTX employs an inner, heated, stainless steel-faced liner or shell, which will be lithium-coated. In order to ensure that lithium adheres to the shell, it is designed to operate at up to 500 -600 ºC to promote wetting of the stainless by the lithium, providing the first hot wall in a tokamak to operate at reactor-relevant temperatures. The engineering of LTX will be discussed.

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Section: Engineering Ltx For Liquid Lithiummentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of lithium wall coatings on NSTX discharges and the engineering of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)

Majeski

Kugel

Kaita

et al. 2010

Fusion Engineering and Design

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“…The temperature of the hottest point in the coolant is monitored against the saturation temperature to warn the user about potential local boiling. Thermodynamics and transport properties of lihum were taken from Jeppson, 1978.…”

Section: Bulk Conditions Of the Coolantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear modules for space electric propulsion

Difilippo¹

1998

AIP Conference Proceedings

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The analysis of interplanetary cargo and piloted missions requires the calculations of the performances and masses of subsystems to be integrated in a final design. In a preliminary and scoping stage the designer needs to evaluate options in an iterative way by using simulations that run fast on a computer. As a consequence of a collaborative agreement between the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), ORNL has been involved in the development of models and calculational procedures for the analysis (neutronic and thermal hydraulic) of power sources for nuclear electric propulsion.The nuclear modules will be integrated into the whole simulation of the nuclear electric propulsion system. The vehicles use either a Brayton direct-conversion cycle, using the heated helium from a NERVA-type reactor, or a potassium Rankine cycle, with the working fluid heated on the secondary side of a heat exchanger and lithium on the primary side coming from a fast reactor.Given a set of input conditions, the codes calculate composition, dimensions, volumes, and masses of the core, reflector, control system, pressure vessel, neutron and gamma shields, as well as the thermal hydraulic conditions of the coolant, clad and fuel. Input conditions are power, core life, pressure and temperature of the coolant at the inlet of the core, either the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the core or the coolant mass flow and the fluences and integrated doses at the cargo area..Using state-of-the-art neutron cross sections and transport codes, a database was created for the neutronic performance of both reactor designs. The free parameters of the models are the moderator/fuel mass ratio for the NERVA reactor and the enrichment and the pitch of the lattice for the fast reactor. Reactivity and energy balance equations are simultaneously solved to fmd the reactor design. Thermalhydraulic conditions are calculated by solving the one-dimensional versions of the equations of conservation of mass, energy, and momentum with compressible flow.

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“…Molten lithium did not spontaneously ignite in dry air at temperatures up to 400~ and, at temperatures around 640~ spontaneous ignition took place with pure metallic lithium. 4 There are no references indicating that solid lithium at temperatures less than about 180~ ignited in air, so it was assumed that a lithium fire would be extinguished if the hot lithium were cooled to < 180~ although most probably a lithium fire could be extinguished if the lithium were cooled to a temperature higher than 180~…”

Section: Ignition Of Lithium In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental study of the use of liquid argon and argon-filled aqueous foams for the extinction of lithium fires

Rhein¹

1992

Fire Technol

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The lithium pod temperatures nfa 10-g lithium fire in an insulated container approximate the lithium pool temperature {above 1000~ of a large-scale lithium fire. Addition of water or air-filled aqueous tham to a large-scale lithium fire generally results in a violent reaction. This violent reaction was observed when water or air-filled aqueous foam was added to an insulated 10-g size lithium fire.The use afa liquid argon spray against an insulated 10-g lithium fire resulted in substantial spattering of the hot, molten lithium. Consequently, a liquid argon spray is not recommended against a large-scale lithium fire.Although an argon-filled aqueous foam directed onto an insulated 10-g lithium fire resulted in an increase of the lithium pool temperature, in every experiment conducted in this effort the lithium fire was extinguished. The extinguishing action of the argon-filled loam is positively correlated to the foam flow rate directed to the fire.Aqueous argo n-fill ed foams from concentrated sodium silicate solution or cupric chloride solution did not appear to enhance the extinguishing action of the foam, compared to argon-filled water (only} foams.

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Lithium literature review: lithium's properties and interactions

Cited by 105 publications

References 0 publications

The impact of lithium wall coatings on NSTX discharges and the engineering of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)

The impact of lithium wall coatings on NSTX discharges and the engineering of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)

Nuclear modules for space electric propulsion

An experimental study of the use of liquid argon and argon-filled aqueous foams for the extinction of lithium fires

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