Lithium Metal Anode for High-Power and High-Capacity Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract

Because lithium metal exhibits high specific capacity and low potential, it is the best candidate for fabricating anodes for batteries. Rechargeable batteries fabricated using lithium anode exhibit high capacity and high potential cathode; these can be potentially used to fabricate high energy density batteries (>500 Wh kg–1) that can be used for the development of next-generation electric vehicles. However, the formation and growth of lithium dendrites and the low coulombic efficiency recorded during lithium plating and stripping under conditions of high current density hinder the use of lithium metal as the anodic material for the development of practical rechargeable batteries. In this short review, we outline the current status and prospects of lithium anodes for fabricating batteries in the presence of non-aqueous liquid, polymer, and solid electrolytes operated under conditions of high current density.

Dendrite‐Free 3D Lithium Metal Anode Formed in a Cellulose Based Separator for Lithium‐Metal Batteries

“…The CE for lithium deposition and stripping of the Li/1 m LiPF 6 in EC‐DMC (1 : 1 v/v)/Cu cell at 0.5 mA cm −2 was reported to be as low as 88.7% [29] . The retention of the electrolyte after 10 cycles at CE of 0.887 is around 30 % [30] . The KW separator was thus not effective to suppress lithium dendrite formation and growth at high current density with the carbonate based electrolytes.…”

“…[29] The retention of the electrolyte after 10 cycles at CE of 0.887 is around 30 %. [30] The KW separator was thus not effective to suppress lithium dendrite formation and growth at high current ChemElectroChem density with the carbonate based electrolytes. Therefore, an electrolyte with a high CE should be selected.…”

Aqueous Lithium--Air Batteries with High Power Density at Room Temperature under Air Atmosphere

“…The reason for this is the formation and growth of lithium dendrite when a rechargeable battery with a lithium anode is operated for longer cycling periods at a high current density [18]. In order to resolve this issue, modified lithium/electrolyte systems that prevent the formation and growth of lithium dendrite [19,20] have been proposed. In this context, the present study proposes aqueous lithium-air batteries with a 4.5 M LiFSI in DME electrolyte and a mixed separator comprising KW and PP for the anode side electrolyte.…”

“…In addition to remaining stable when in contact with lithium metal, the interlayer electrolyte also requires preventing the formation of lithium dendrites during the lithium deposition at high current density. Several studies have reported the formation and growth of lithium dendrites when using non-aqueous electrolytes [18][19][20][21][22]. However, Zhang and co-workers reported an electrolyte that did not result in the formation of lithium dendrites even at a high current density; the authors reported that the cell comprised a Li/4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in 1,2 dimethyloxyethane (DME)/Li and could be cycled at 10 mA cm -2 over a period of 0.1 h for >6,000 cycles [21].…”