Lithium Production Processes

Tran, Tam; Luong, Van T.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801417-2.00003-7

Cited by 61 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The OnTo technology recommends its Li compounds for battery production, among other unspecified uses. As the purity requirement for Li 2 CO 3 to be reused in cathode production is 99.5% [119], it is likely that the only process able to achieve such quality will involve blending it with virgin materials. This strategy is already followed in some emerging processes.…”

Section: Lithium Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This strategy is already followed in some emerging processes. However, the purity requirements may rise up to 99.9% [119], in which case downgrading may be the most suitable afterlife for this element. In fact, Li could be used in the glass and ceramic industries, which represent a market share for Li 2 CO 3 of similar size (32%) to batteries (35%) [117].…”

Section: Lithium Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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Section: Lithium Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lithium Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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“…In addition, considering the economic applicability in alumina industry, some reported conventional methods for lithium recovery from salt-lake brines or seawater such as solar evaporation method, solvent extraction method and hydrometallurgical method are all unsuitable. [16][17][18][19] In the past few years, some materials were found to possess selective lithium adsorption performance by virtue of special Li + screen crystal structures (either spinel structure or layered structure); correspondingly, these materials were called lithium ions sieves (LISs). The LISs have been proven to be efficient for recovering lithium ions from aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium adsorption performance of a three-dimensional porous H₂TiO₃-type lithium ion-sieve in strong alkaline Bayer liquor

Zhou

Fan

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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“…Flow sheets for the production of lithium compounds from mineral sources. Few steps, such as electrodialysis, have only been tested in feasibility studies[45] (adapted with permission from Elsevier Books, Lithium Process Chemistry; published by Elsevier, 2019).…”

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confidence: 99%

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

et al. 2019

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This literature review gives an overview of the lithium industry, including the lithium market, global resources, and processes of lithium compounds production. It focuses on the production of lithium compounds from spodumene minerals. Spodumene is one of the most critical minerals nowadays, due to its high lithium content and high rate of extraction. Lithium is one of the most sought-after metals, due to the ever-growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The data on lithium extraction from minerals is scattered through years of patents, journal articles, and proceedings; hence, requiring an in-depth review, including the comprehension of the spodumene phase system, the phase conversion processes, and the lithium extraction processes.

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Lithium Production Processes

Cited by 61 publications

References 69 publications

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Lithium adsorption performance of a three-dimensional porous H₂TiO₃-type lithium ion-sieve in strong alkaline Bayer liquor

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

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Lithium Production Processes

Cited by 61 publications

References 69 publications

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Lithium adsorption performance of a three-dimensional porous H2TiO3-type lithium ion-sieve in strong alkaline Bayer liquor

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

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Product

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Lithium adsorption performance of a three-dimensional porous H₂TiO₃-type lithium ion-sieve in strong alkaline Bayer liquor