Lithium recovery using electrochemical technologies: Advances and challenges

Lei, Wu; Zhang, Changyong; Kim, Seoni; Hatton, T. Alan; Mo, Hengliang; Waite, T. David

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118822

Cited by 81 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Although intercalation materials exhibit exceptional selectivity, their application to broader metal recovery is limited by poor longterm stability (that is, capacity loss within less than 100 cycles) and a lack of diversity of host materials for non-alkali metal ions 48,55,56 . Furthermore, many intercalation materials show poor electrical conductivity, limiting the recovery rates of metal ions and increasing the energy consumption of the process 62 . The development of alternative intercalation materials with high electronic and ionic conductivity, selectivity and stability is therefore essential.…”

Section: Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of metal recovery from wastewater and brine

et al. 2023

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Section: Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of metal recovery from wastewater and brine

et al. 2023

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“…Electrified separation processes such as ESIX and S-ED systems could render lithium recovery from wastewaters feasible. 119,120 Just as improvements in activity, product selectivity, and stability are pursued for electrocatalysis, so are improvements in separation selectivity, 'activity' (e.g., flux or adsorption capacity), and stability (e.g., fouling resistance, cyclic regenerability) of selective electrochemical separation materials. These improvements are especially needed for ion-selective separations, a fundamental challenge and emerging research frontier that requires molecular design and evaluation.…”

Section: Subsection 2c: Interfacing Selective Materials With Electroc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical wastewater refining: a vision for circular chemical manufacturing

Miller

Abels

Guo

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Wastewater is an underleveraged resource; it contains pollutants that can be transformed into valuable high-purity products. Innovations in chemistry and chemical engineering will play critical roles in valorizing wastewater to remediate environmental pollution, provide equitable access to chemical resources and services, and secure critical materials from diminishing feedstock availability. This perspective envisions electrochemical wastewater refining—the use of electrochemical processes to tune and recover specific products from wastewaters—as the necessary framework to accelerate wastewater-based electrochemistry to widespread practice. We define and prescribe a use-informed approach that simultaneously serves specific wastewater-pollutant-product triads and uncover mechanistic understanding generalizable to broad use cases. We use this approach to evaluate research needs in specific case studies of electrocatalysis, stoichiometric electrochemical conversions, and electrochemical separations. Finally, we provide rationale and guidance for intentionally expanding the electrochemical wastewater refining product portfolio. Wastewater refining will require a coordinated effort from multiple expertise areas to meet the urgent need of extracting maximal value from complex, variable, diverse, and abundant wastewater resources.

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“…Despite their historical precedent, there is significant interest in developing electrochemical separation units that can selectively remove specific ions from multicomponent ionic mixtures 5 . Mining effluents (e.g., hydrometallurgy process streams 6,7 ) contain valuable metals that can be further processed into materials that support defense technologies, communications, and green energy. Selective electrochemical separations can valorize waste streams to recover vital nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus 8 , to derive fertilizers and organic acids 9,10 from processed biomass to support circular economy initiatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After studying how the process parameters influenced pH modulation in BPM-MCDI/BPM-CDI, two demonstrations of selective ionic removal with BPM-MCDI were performed: (i) copper ion removal and plating from brine under an acidified process stream and (ii) itaconic acid removal from fermentation mixtures by making the process stream alkaline to deprotonate the organic acid so it could migrate under the electric field and be captured in the electrochemical double layer of the positive electrode. BPM-MCDI/CDI represents an enticing separation platform for selective ionic separations by exploiting the pH environment, electrode potential 23 , and materials properties (e.g., selective electrodes 16,7 and ion-exchange membranes 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bipolar membrane capacitive deionization for pH-assisted ionic separations

Kulkarni

Muhammad

Arges

2023

Preprint

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Selective ionic separations represent an increasingly important technical area for the strategic interests of the U.S. economy - e.g., securing critical minerals and materials and circular economy aspirations that include recovering organic acids from processed biomass. This work disseminates bipolar membrane (BPM) capacitive deionization for selective ionic separations from multi-component, ionic species mixtures. The selective separations are guided by the Pourbaix diagram and acid-base equilibria principles. BPM capacitive deionization was demonstrated to generate alkaline or acidic process streams depending upon the location of the BPM in the electrochemical cell. Prior to assessing BPM-membrane capacitive deionization (BPM-MCDI) for selective ionic separations, the role of system operating parameters on effluent stream pH was studied. pH adjustment in BPM-CDI/MCDI was more sensitive to cell voltage when compared to process stream residence time and salt feed concentration. The BPM-MCDI gave about 6x or greater higher copper(II) removal efficiency when compared to sodium ion removal efficiency from brine mixtures. Finally, BPM-MCDI demonstrated over 1.4x greater removal efficiency for copper ions from brine mixtures and 5x greater removal efficiency for itaconic acid from brine mixtures when benchmarked against a traditional flow-by-MCDI setup.

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Lithium recovery using electrochemical technologies: Advances and challenges

Cited by 81 publications

References 136 publications

Prospects of metal recovery from wastewater and brine

Prospects of metal recovery from wastewater and brine

Electrochemical wastewater refining: a vision for circular chemical manufacturing

Bipolar membrane capacitive deionization for pH-assisted ionic separations

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