Live and inanimate predator-associated cues suppress the population of sap-feeding prey and induce polyphenism

Abstract

All authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication. 25 MSK designed the experiment, co-executed the experimental work with TD, co-shaped and co-26 optimised the analysis with OYB, co-built the illustrations with TD, and expanded the manuscript 27 and improved the visualisation. 28 TD executed the experimental work with MSK, did the data entry in collaboration with MSK, 29 provided the first drafts of this manuscript with illustrations, produced the bibliography. TD co-30 wrote the manuscript with MSK. 31 OYB contributed to the enhancement of the experimental design, accomplished the analysis with 32 MSK, provided insights on the refinement and polishing of the visualisation and contributed to the 33 writing up and enhancement of the manuscript. 34 SW hosted the work, provided suggestions for the optimisation of the experimental design and 35 contributed to the enhancement of the writing up of the manuscript. 36 37 38 39 2 Abstract 40Non-consumptive effect of predation is a well-researched subject of which certain temporal, non-41 consumptive and predator-mimetic facets are yet to be investigated in plant-parasite systems. Here 42 we focus on the consequences of the exposure of a pest population to predator-associated risk. 43 One clone of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), raised on a model crop Brassica 44 oleracea (L.), was exposed to different regimes of risks associated with the aphidophagous predator 45 ladybird Coccinella septempunctata (L.). This encompassed consumption, consumption alternated 46 by non-competitive predation risk, presence of isolated predators with and without aphid feed, dead 47 59 60