“…57 Previous works have shown that the effects of changes in pressure, temperature, free radical generation, and exposure to the electron beam itself are non-significant under low electron doses for large samples, such as those containing E. coli, as implemented here (SI notes). 57,59,61,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] Thus, previous works indicate that E. coli 1) maintain their metabolic processes, 2) maintain their cell envelopes, and 3) continue to undergo binary fission within liquid-phase TEM. 57,59,61,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] Liquid-phase TEM (Figures 3 and S2) provides further evidence of the penetration of nanoprotrusions in E.coli, as also observed forensically with conventional TEM (Figures 2 and S1).…”