Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of the Involvement of Cardiac Valves and Chambers in Carcinoid Disease

Abstract

We present an adult with metastatic carcinoid disease affecting the heart, in whom live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) provided incremental value over two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE). Initial 2DTTE was able to demonstrate severe pulmonic and tricuspid regurgitation, but was unable to visualize the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve or the right (right anterior) leaflet of the pulmonic valve. Further analysis with 3DTTE demonstrated thickening, restricted mobility, and noncoaptation of all three leaflets of both the tricuspid and the pulmonary valves. En face viewing of tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation vena contractas permitted more reliable quantification of regurgitation severity. In addition, localized, linear, echogenic areas consistent with carcinoid deposits were noted along the inner walls of the right atrium, atrial septum, and inferior vena cava. To the best of our knowledge, endocardial carcinoid deposits have never been reported by 2D or 3D echocardiography. En face viewing of these deposits by 3DTTE enabled measurement of their dimensions and areas. Subcostal examination also identified large circumscribed hepatic lesions consistent with metastatic disease. Neither the carcinoid deposits nor the metastatic lesions were detected by 2DTTE. This case demonstrates the usefulness of 3DTTE as a supplement to 2DTTE in more comprehensively assessing carcinoid involvement of the heart.

Incremental value of live/real time three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography over the two‐dimensional technique in assessing carcinoid heart disease involving the aortic valve

“…There are several reports in the literature demonstrating the utility of two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) in the assessment of valvular lesions resulting from carcinoid heart disease . A few reports have also described the utility of live/real time three‐dimensional (3D) TTE in this entity but most of them have focused on right‐sided valves . To the best of our knowledge, there is only one report in the literature in which 3DTTE was performed in patients with aortic valve (AV) involvement .…”

Role of modern 3D echocardiography in valvular heart disease

“…Primary TR is caused by a variety of anatomical abnormalities that can be better visualized using 3D than 2D echocardiography, including an apically located leaflet in Epstein disease, or a thickened and restricted leaflet in carcinoid syndrome [120,121,122,123,124,125,126]. One important finding with 3D echocardiography is lead-derived TR related to a pacer/device.…”

Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Perioperative Management of Carcinoid Heart Disease

“…30 Additionally, results on the use of relatively novel imaging techniques, such as speckle tracking echocardiography and ventricular strain, are expected to be increasingly described in a near future. 25 Typical changes in patients with CHD usually involve the right-sided endocardium, valves, and subvalvular apparatus.…”