Live reef fish displaying physiological evidence of cyanide poisoning are still traded in the EU marine aquarium industry

Vaz, Marcela C. M.; Esteves, Valdemar I.; Calado, Ricardo

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04940-x

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The ornamental aquatic industry has often been referred to in the scientific literature as being an industry that promotes over‐exploitation of resources and destructive fishing practices (Cohen et al ., ). Furthermore, that the ornamental aquatic industry continues to trade within the EU in marine ornamental fish with detectable traces of cyanide (Vaz et al ., ). In relation to the legal and legitimate ornamental aquatic industry, there is considerable market resistance to cyanide‐caught fish from importers, retailers and hobbyists.…”

Section: What Challenges Does the Ornamental Aquatic Industry Face?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, that the ornamental aquatic industry continues to trade within the EU in marine ornamental fish with detectable traces of cyanide (Vaz et al, 2017). In relation to the legal and legitimate ornamental aquatic industry, there is considerable market resistance to cyanide-caught fish from importers, retailers and hobbyists.…”

Section: Tackling Destructive Fishing Practices/overexploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wild caught ornamental fish: a perspective from the UK ornamental aquatic industry on the sustainability of aquatic organisms and livelihoods

King¹

2019

Journal of Fish Biology

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The ornamental aquatic industry involves the global commercial trade of live aquatic organisms such as fish, invertebrates and plants. It comprises a range of businesses including collectors, breeders, exporters, importers and retailers. Together, these form a supply chain through which aquatic organisms pass from their point of origin to the end point e.g., domestic aquaria and ponds. On a worldwide basis, the legal and legitimate ornamental aquatic trade is subject to regulation and monitoring throughout the majority of its supply chain. Approximately 90% of ornamental freshwater fish species traded are captive‐bred, but, due to their complex breeding cycles, 90–95% of ornamental marine fish species are wild‐caught. The ornamental aquatic industry and consumers therefore have a responsibility to ensure that wild‐caught species are sourced sustainably, legally and to good welfare standards. Such good practice should be considered a necessity for the longevity, not only of the ornamental aquatic industry, but of the livelihoods which depend on it and the future of ecosystems dependent on such communities.

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Section: What Challenges Does the Ornamental Aquatic Industry Face?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tackling Destructive Fishing Practices/overexploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild caught ornamental fish: a perspective from the UK ornamental aquatic industry on the sustainability of aquatic organisms and livelihoods

King¹

2019

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…It has been previously speculated that SCN was excreted out of the fish via urine following CN 451 exposure (Vaz et al 2012 Vaz et al 2017). This also nullifies any concern of false positives from non-exposed fish up-458 taking SCN during cohabitation with exposed fish excreting SCN in aquarium water.…”

Section: Aquarium Water 403mentioning

confidence: 99%

Where does it go? The fate of thiocyanate in the aquarium water and blood plasma ofAmphiprion clarkiiafter exposure to cyanide

Bonanno

Breen

Tlusty

et al. 2020

Preprint

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20The illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues to damage coral reef ecosystems throughout the 21 Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a simple, reliable test to detect whether 22 or not a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. This study analyzed the 23 toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure as well as chronic exposure to thiocyanate (SCN), 24 the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse 25 exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 seconds or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days. 26Blood plasma levels of SCN were measured following derivatization to SCN-bimane using an 27 Acquity UPLC I-Class and Q-Exactive hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap HRAM mass spectrometer 28 or directly by HPLC-UV. After exposure to CN, depending on the duration of exposure, SCN 29 plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (300-470 ppb) 0.13-0.17 days after exposure, 30 had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life, and often did not return to baseline levels. The half-life of plasma 31 SCN after direct exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days, similar to the CN exposure, and 32 that SCN in the holding water would often drop below detection. Finally, we observed that when 33 a fish, never exposed to SCN, was placed in aquarium water spiked with SCN, there was a steady 34 decrease in aqueous SCN concentration over 24 hours until it could no longer be detected. This 35 pattern was repeated with a second sequential dose. These results demonstrate that A. clarkii do 36 not excrete SCN after CN exposure, but in fact can absorb low concentrations of SCN from 37 water, refuting several publications. It appears that A. clarkii exhibit a classic two compartment 38 model where SCN is rapidly eliminated from the blood plasma and is distributed throughout the 39 tissue but not excreted in their urine. This study demonstrates that SCN may be used as a marker 40 of CN exposure only if fish are tested shortly after exposure. There is species specific variability 41 in response to CN, and studies of other taxa need to be performed before this test can be 42 deployed in the field. 43 44

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“…This challenge is notable for coral reef species: there is a large diversity of species, and many species face myriad threats ranging from climate change to pollution and overfishing (Burke et al, 2011). The aquarium fish trade exemplifies the issue, encompassing over 1,800 species of coral reef fishes from over 40 exporting countries (Wabnitz et al, 2003;Tissot et al, 2010;Rhyne et al, 2012a). These fisheries support livelihoods, provide benefits to hobbyists, and contribute to education efforts about coral reefs (Rhyne et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this knowledge gap and to make management recommendations, we assess the vulnerability to overcollection for 72 popular species imported into the United States (U.S.)the world's highest consumer of aquaria fishes -from the largestvolume exporting countries, the Philippines and Indonesia (Tissot et al, 2010;Rhyne et al, 2015Rhyne et al, , 2017. Popular fishes in the U.S. trade were identified based on import data (from Rhyne et al, 2015Rhyne et al, , 2017 and defined as species that were among the top-100 imported during at least 1 year in which data were available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Vulnerability of Fish in the U.S. Marine Aquarium Trade

et al. 2019

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The trade in coral reef fishes for aquariums encompasses over 1,800 species from over 40 exporting countries, yet the population status for most traded species is unknown and unevaluated. At the same time, these coral reef fishes face a growing number of threats and often occur in jurisdictions with limited management capacity and data. In response, we assess vulnerability to overfishing for 72 coral reef fishes popular in the aquarium trade for the United States-the top importer-from the top exporting countries (Indonesia and the Philippines). We use a data-limited assessment approach: productivity susceptibility analysis (PSA). PSA estimates relative vulnerability of species by assessing their biological productivity and susceptibility to overfishing. The most and least vulnerable stocks were differentiated by attributes related to the reproductive biology (e.g., breeding strategy, recruitment pattern, and fecundity), appropriateness, for an average home aquarium, ease of capture (e.g., schooling and aggregation), and rates of natural mortality. Our analysis identifies several of the most and least vulnerable species popular in the aquarium fish trade. The species that ranked as least vulnerable to overcollection were Gobiodon okinawae, Nemateleotris magnifica, Gobiodon acicularis, Salarias fasciatus, Ptereleotris zebra, Gobiodon citrinus, Pseudocheilinus hexataenia, Chaetodon lunula, Nemateleotris decora, and Halichoeres chrysus. In contrast, the ten most vulnerable species were Chromileptes altivelis, Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides, Pterapogon kauderni, Premnas biaculeatus, Echidna nebulosa, Centropyge bicolor, Zebrasoma veliferum, Pomacanthus semicirculatus, Zebrasoma scopas, and Thalassoma lunare. In a data-limited context, we suggest how these vulnerability rankings can help guide future efforts for reducing vulnerability risk. In particular, species that are relatively high-vulnerability are prime targets for research and aquaculture efforts, increased monitoring of collection and exports, species-specific stock assessments, and voluntary reductions by retailers and consumers to avoid overexploitation.

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Live reef fish displaying physiological evidence of cyanide poisoning are still traded in the EU marine aquarium industry

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Wild caught ornamental fish: a perspective from the UK ornamental aquatic industry on the sustainability of aquatic organisms and livelihoods

Wild caught ornamental fish: a perspective from the UK ornamental aquatic industry on the sustainability of aquatic organisms and livelihoods

Where does it go? The fate of thiocyanate in the aquarium water and blood plasma ofAmphiprion clarkiiafter exposure to cyanide

Assessing Vulnerability of Fish in the U.S. Marine Aquarium Trade

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