Livestock Husbandry, Pastoralisms, and Territoriality: The West African Record

Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)

“…Furthermore, the presence of livestock remains in context with the remains of humans does not adequately characterize their mobility, especially in consideration of the abundant ethnographic literature on subsistence strategies of herding communities (e.g., Holl, 1998a;Khazanov, 1984;Smith, 2005).…”

Reinterpreting chronology and society at the mortuary complex of Jebel Moya (Sudan)

“…He also argued for the use of tumuli fields as social and territorial boundary markers, and for the applicability of polished stone items as primitive currency between and amongst the different pastoral societies across the Sahara. He concludes that the incipient social complexity, with transitory leadership, eventually took hold and developed into complex hierarchical societies such as seen at Dhar Tichitt from 2000 BC onwards (Holl 1993(Holl , 1998 and Kerma starting around 2500 BC (Bradley 1992 Paris et al 1997). Slightly to the south at Adrar Bous (Niger), human-interred tumuli occur from ca.…”

What Is a Hunter-Gatherer? Variation in the Archaeological Record of Eastern and Southern Africa

“…Husbanding of these seeds included reaping, storage, purposeful sowing, tending and weeding around these ostensibly wild cereals; selection and harvest methods did not lend themselves to encouraging morphological change in the plant itself (Haaland, 1992(Haaland, , 1996(Haaland, , 1999. Such practices lasted for more than 6,000 years before morphological changes gave rise to the first domesticated sorghum (Amblard and Pernes, 1989;Holl, 1985Holl, , 1998aHoll, , 1998b.…”