Living alone is related to depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Aim The multiple psychological, social, and socioeconomic stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the risk for depression in vulnerable groups. Individuals living alone may be particularly vulnerable to depressive symptoms, especially if they receive little social support. This study examined whether living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with depressive symptoms. In addition, we examined whether social support moderates this association. Subject and methods N = 2245 German participants from the general population were recruited between June and September 2020. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, two types of social support (instrumental and emotional support) were assessed with the Brief COPE. Using structural equation modelling, the association between living alone and depressive symptoms, as well as the moderating role of social support, were investigated. Results Living alone was significantly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Emotional or instrumental support did not moderate the relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms. Conclusion Living alone might be a risk factor for depression, independently of the level of instrumental or emotional support.