Living conditions in Iraq: 10 years after the US-led invasion

Hassounah, Sondus; Dubois, Elizabeth; Abdalrahman, Bayad; Raheem, Maruf A.; Jamil, Hikmet; Majeed, Azeem

doi:10.1177/0141076814530684

Cited by 16 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Another possible explanation is that traditional medicine does not play a significant role in Iraqi society. Before the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, the national healthcare system witnessed spectacular advancement [21]. Fortunately, the healthcare system has retained its capacity to cope with population primary healthcare needs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental knowledge and care-seeking practices towards pediatric ear infections: a study from Iraq

Daher¹,

Alnakshabandi²,

Sultan³

et al. 2022

IJPHS

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An ear infection (EI) is one of the most common pediatric illnesses. This study aimed to assess parental knowledge, care-seeking practices, and factors associated with them. A cross-sectional study involved a sample of parents attending hospitals in three selected cities in Iraq. Data were collected with a questionnaire composed of three parts: i) Sociodemographic characteristics, ii) Questions related to knowledge of symptoms, risk factors, and complications of an EI, and iii) Questions related to care-seeking practices. The mean age of respondents was 34.99 (±9.85) years. Females made up 58.90% of the sample. More than half reported holding tertiary education. Most participants showed satisfactory knowledge of EI symptoms (88.10%) and proper practices of seeking medical attention from a doctor or other medic (95.80%). Respondents with tertiary education had higher odds of having satisfactory knowledge (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.18-18.19) and proper care-seeking practices (OR 14.96, 95% CI 1.12-28.80) than those with primary education and below. Current smokers had higher odds of having unsatisfactory knowledge (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.70) than non-smokers. In conclusion, respondents had sufficient knowledge and care-seeking practices. Educational level was associated with adequate knowledge and care-seeking practices, and former smoking status was associated with unsatisfactory knowledge.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental knowledge and care-seeking practices towards pediatric ear infections: a study from Iraq

Daher¹,

Alnakshabandi²,

Sultan³

et al. 2022

IJPHS

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“…The results were disappointing for the Iraqis. More than 60% were denied access to referral services due to unfair distribution of public hospitals and primary health centers and continuing deterioration in most social determinants of health [23,24]. Several international and local reports unanimously agreed that the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the internal wars, and the subsequent destructions of health services significantly contributed to depriving millions of people, including refugees and internally displaced persons, from accessing health care services [25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of health system in Iraq from people's point of view: a comparative study of two different eras

et al. 2021

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Background: Since the 2003 United States–British Coalition military invasion, Iraq has been in a state of continuous deterioration at all levels, including the health sector. This study aimed to elicit the viewpoints of the Iraqi people on the current health system, focusing on many provided health services and assessing whether the public prefers the current health system or that was provided before the invasion. Methods: A cross-sectional survey designed to explore the Iraqi people’s opinions on their health system. A self-administered questionnaire using a multi-stage sampling technique was distributed in five geographical regions in Iraq to collect the data from the head of household between 1st October and 31st of December 2019. Multiple logistic regressions were recruited to determine the significant contributing variables in this study. Results: A total of 365 heads of households (response rate: 71.7%) with the mean age of 48.36 + 11.92 years (ranged 35-78) included in the study. Most of the respondents (61.4%) complained of healthcare inaccessibility, 59.7% believed that health resources were not available, 53.7% claimed a deterioration in the quality of care, and 62.2% believed that the political / media position did not contribute to positive changes during the past two decades. Indeed, most respondents (66.0%) believe that the current healthcare system is worse than before. In the multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant relationship between the characteristics and opinions of the respondents. Young age group (p = 0.003), men (p = < 0.001), unmarried (p = 0.001), high educated (p = < 0.001), rural resident (p = < 0.001), unemployed (p = 0.003), monthly income of less than USD 400 (p = < 0.001), consider themselves to be unhealthy (p = 0.001), and those who think that people are unhappy now than two decades ago (p = 0.012) have a more negative opinion of the health system. Conclusions: Most Iraqis surveyed expressed disappointment from the health system after the 2003 US-led invasion. The current health system is faltering at all levels and does not meet the citizens' basic needs. Health Transformation Program (HTP) has become inevitable to develop an accessible, affordable, high-quality, efficient, and effective health system.

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“…Most articles identifying physical effects (59%; 16/27) provided evidence for increased mortality—a large majority from within those articles (88%; 14/16) for infant mortality, 5,41–53 a quarter (25%; 4/16) for maternal mortality, 42,47,48,52,53 and more than a third (36%; 6/16) for general mortality. 48,49,52,54,55 Reasons reported for increased mortality, especially infant and maternal mortality, included mortality from infectious disease, 5,41,45,51,54 noncommunicable diseases, 41,48 nutrition-related causes, 5,41,42,46–48,51 increased poverty, 42,45,46,49 reduced access to medicines and health care, 41,42,44–47,49,51 and destruction of public infrastructure. 41,42,45 Two articles (13%; 2/16) reported that compared to war or natural emergencies, the highest rates of infant mortality occurred under sanctions, concluding that prolonged sanctions are more lethal for infants and children than other sources of social and political distress.…”

Section: Direct Impact Of Sanctions On Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Violence of Non-Violence: A Systematic Mixed-Studies Review on the Health Effects of Sanctions

Chaufan

Yousefi

Zaman

2022

International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Heal

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The use of sanctions as a policy tool to affect change in the political behavior of target states has increased over the past 30 years, along with a concern about their impact on civilian health. Some researchers have proposed that targeting sanctions can avoid their moral costs, yet others have challenged this claim. This systematic mixed-studies review explored the debate about targeted sanctions by appraising their health effects as reported in the medical and public health literature, with a global focus and through the COVID-19 era. We searched three electronic databases without temporal or geographical restrictions and identified 50 studies spanning three decades (1992–2021) meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a piloted form, we extracted quotations addressing our research questions and identified themes that we grouped according to the effects of sanctions on health or its determinants, generating frequency distributions to assess the strength of support for each theme. While no study posited a causal relationship between sanctions and health, or engaged the morality of sanctions, most implied that when sanctions were present, health was inevitably impacted, even for sanctions ostensibly targeted to minimize civilian harm. Our findings suggest that given the integrated nature of the global economy, it is all but impossible to design sanctions that will achieve their stated goals without inflicting significant harm on civilians. We conclude that the use of sanctions as a policy tool threatens global health and human rights, especially in times of crises.

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Living conditions in Iraq: 10 years after the US-led invasion

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Parental knowledge and care-seeking practices towards pediatric ear infections: a study from Iraq

Parental knowledge and care-seeking practices towards pediatric ear infections: a study from Iraq

Evaluation of health system in Iraq from people's point of view: a comparative study of two different eras

The Violence of Non-Violence: A Systematic Mixed-Studies Review on the Health Effects of Sanctions

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