Biofabrication, referring
to engineering of complex constructs
with desired features using living biotemplates, is a new fascinating
technology. Microbes as exceptional templates provide a biomimetic
approach to obtain amazingly ordered nano-, micro-, and meso-structured
materials owing to diversity in their sizes and shapes, presence of
a variety of chemical functional groups on their surfaces, and intrinsically
porous structure of their cell walls. As biotemplates, microbes can
be utilized for synthesis of novel bionanomaterials, microdevices,
and micro/nanorobots, etc. by using various bottom-up approaches.
Here, we summarized the recent advancements in biofabrication based
on microbes, from nano to mesoscopic size, from viruses to true-living
microbes, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, and from unicellular to
multicellular microbes. It reviews the role of viruses, bacteria,
fungi, and algae as structural templates in biofabrication of various
bionanomaterials for diverse applications and provides new insights
for future development of fabrication technology by using these microbes.