???Living High-Training High and Low??? Is Equivalent To???living High-Training Low??? For Sea Level Performance 783

Stray-Gundersen, J.; Levine, B. D.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199705001-00782

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…For example, in one preliminary study of a sea level training camp, six male runners increased their V O 2 max from 68 Ϯ 1.5 to 70 Ϯ 1.4 ml ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 after 2 wk of supervised training, but did not increase further after an additional 2 wk of training (70 Ϯ 1.8 ml ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 ) (Levine and Stray-Gundersen, unpublished observations). Thus, for all the 52 male and female athletes studied in our previously published reports (24,34), after a 2-wk "lead-in" phase of supervised training there was no significant increase in V O 2 max with an additional 4 wk of structured training at sea level (64 Ϯ 0.8 to 64 Ϯ 0.8 ml ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 ). Moreover, after these 6 wk of sea level training by collegiate athletes in these studies, there was no further improvement obtained even by an outstanding training camp environment at sea level for an additional 4 wk (24).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Plans were discussed with the investigators and conformed to a training template presented by the investigators (24). Athletes were required to perform high-intensity, highvelocity training at 1,250 m. All other training took place between 1,250 and 3,000 m with most of the training occurring between 2,000 and 2,800 m. This modification of the HiLo model, termed "HiHiLo," (living at moderate altitude, low-intensity base training at moderate altitude, high-intensity interval training at low altitude), has been demonstrated in pilot work to provide identical improvement in V O2 max and 5,000-m time as the original HiLo model (34). All athletes received oral liquid iron supplementation (Feo-Sol, 9 mg elemental iron/ml) with dose adjusted on the basis of plasma ferritin concentration (range: 5-45 ml/day).…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 98%

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“Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners

Stray-Gundersen¹,

Chapman²,

Levine³

2002

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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107

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Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high–training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not élite, runners. Whether élite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e. oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 élite men and eight élite women before and after 27 days of living at 2500 m while performing high‐intensity training at 1250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 week after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3000‐m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3–1.9%). One‐third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 ± 1.5–74.4 ± 1.5 ml kg− 1 min− 1). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 ± 0.5–16.2 ± 1.0 IU ml−1). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 ± 0.7–2.5 ± 0.6 μ g ml‐1). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g dl−1 over the course of the camp (13.3 ± 0.2–14.3 ± 0.2 g dl−1). We conclude that 4 weeks of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high‐intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in élite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 98%

“Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners

Stray-Gundersen¹,

Chapman²,

Levine³

2002

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

Self Cite

107

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“…However, our increases were slightly lower than other studies in which subjects spent 12±18 h per day at 2500±2700 m, and demonstrated 73±85% increases in sEpo (Rusko et al 1994;Laitinen et al 1995;Piehl Aulin et al 1998). By comparison, increases in sEpo of 31±73% have been suggested to cause an increase in reticulocyte levels during exposure to actual altitudes of 2315±2700 m (Klausen et al 1991;Gunga et al 1994;Stray-Gundersen and Levine 1997).…”

Section: Erythropoietin Response To Simulated Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum erythropoietin (sEpo) levels have been used as an indication of the physiological perturbation caused by hypoxic conditions; increases in sEpo of 30±85% above baseline have been reported to occur in subjects at altitudes of 2500±3000 m (Klausen et al 1991;Rusko et al 1994;Laitinen et al 1995;Mattila and Rusko 1996;Stray-Gundersen and Levine 1997;Piehl Aulin et al 1998). Although these increases are statistically signi®cant, their physiological relevance has yet to be established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulated moderate altitude elevates serum erythropoietin but does not increase reticulocyte production in well-trained runners

Ashenden

Gore²,

Dobson

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the modest increases in serum erythropoietin (sEpo) experienced after brief sojourns at simulated altitude are sufficient to stimulate reticulocyte production. Six well-trained middle-distance runners (HIGH, mean maximum oxygen uptake, VO2max = 70.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) spent 8-11 h per night for 5 nights in a nitrogen house that simulated an altitude of 2650 m. Five squad members (CONTROL, mean VO2max= 68.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) undertook the same training, which was conducted under near-sea-level conditions (600 m altitude), and slept in dormitory-style accommodation also at 600 m altitude. For both groups, this 5-night protocol was undertaken on three occasions, with a 3-night interim between successive exposures. Venous blood samples were measured for sEpo after 1 and 5 nights of hypoxia on each occasion. The percentage of reticulocytes was measured, along with a range of reticulocyte parameters that are sensitive to changes in erythropoiesis. Mean serum erythropoietin levels increased significantly (P < 0.01) above baseline values [mean (SD) 7.9 (2.4) mU x ml(-1)] in the HIGH group after the 1st night [11.8 (1.9) mU x ml(-1), 57%], and were also higher on the 5th night [10.7 (2.2) mU x ml(-1), 42%] compared with the CONTROL group, whose erythropoietin levels did not change. After athletes spent 3 nights at near sea level, the change in sEpo during subsequent hypoxic exposures was markedly attenuated (13% and -4% change during the second exposure; 26% and 14% change during the third exposure; 1st and 5th nights of each block, respectively). The increase in sEpo was insufficient to stimulate reticulocyte production at any time point. We conclude that when daily training loads are controlled, the modest increases in sEpo known to occur following brief exposure to a simulated altitude of 2650 m are insufficient to stimulate reticulocyte production.

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“…In 1991 the training concept of "living high -training low" (LHTL) was introduced by Levine and Stray-Gundersen [28,46]. With living at moderate altitude and training at low altitude or sealevel, athletes theoretically should acquire beneficial effects of altitude acclimatization, particularly stimulation of the oxygen delivery system, e. g., increase in total body hemoglobin content (Hb tot ) for maximizing oxygen transport and utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythropoiesis and Performance after Two Weeks of Living High and Training Low in Well Trained Triathletes

Dehnert

Hütler²,

Liu

et al. 2002

Int J Sports Med

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The purpose of our study was to evaluate hematologic acclimatization during 2 weeks of intensive normoxic training with regeneration at moderate altitude (living high-training low, LHTL) and its effects on sea-level performance in well trained athletes compared to another group of equally trained athletes under control conditions (living low - training low, CONTROL). Twenty-one triathletes were ascribed either to LHTL (n = 11; age: 23.0 +/- 4.3 yrs; VO 2 max: 62.5 +/- 9.7 [ml x min -1 x kg -1]) living at 1956 m of altitude or to CONTROL (n = 10; age: 18.7 +/- 5.6 yrs; VO 2 max: 60.5 +/- 6.7 ml x min -1 x kg -1) living at 800 m. Both groups performed an equal training schedule at 800 m. VO 2 max, endurance performance, erythropoietin in serum, hemoglobin mass (Hb tot, CO-rebreathing method) and hematological quantities were measured. A tendency to improved performance in LHTL after the camp was not significant (p < 0.07). Erythropoietin concentration increased temporarily in LHTL (Delta 14.3 +/- 8.7 mU x ml -1; p < 0.012). Hb tot remained unchanged in LHTL whereas was slightly decreased from 12.5 +/- 1.3 to 11.9 +/- 1.3g x kg -1 in CONTROL (p < 0.01). As the reticulocyte number tended to higher values in LHTL than in CONTROL, it seems that a moderate stimulation of erythropoiesis during regeneration at altitude served as a compensation for an exercise-induced destruction of red cells.

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???Living High-Training High and Low??? Is Equivalent To???living High-Training Low??? For Sea Level Performance 783

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

“Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners

“Living high − training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female élite runners

Simulated moderate altitude elevates serum erythropoietin but does not increase reticulocyte production in well-trained runners

Erythropoiesis and Performance after Two Weeks of Living High and Training Low in Well Trained Triathletes

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