“…We argue that this recently introduced mode of engagement in the public management literature captures individuals' expressive acts and statements by considering stakeholders' engagement within a digital public sphere (Yanow, 1996). Third, PILs and their co-design activities have contributed to public value management (McGann et al, 2018;Hansen & Fuglsang, 2020;Cole, 2022;Kim, Wellstead, & Heikkila, 2023). Broadly defined, public value management (PVM) refers to the value generated by the government through services, laws, and policies that benefit the public and contribute to the common good (Moore, 1995) and contrasts with the older "new public management" paradigm and its focus on efficiency, competition, and performance management (O'Flynn, 2007).…”