Living together: The role of Candida albicans in the formation of polymicrobial biofilms in the oral cavity

Abstract

The oral cavity of humans is colonized by diversity of microbial community, although dominated by bacteria, it is also constituted by a low number of fungi, often represented by Candida albicans. Although in the vast minority, this usually commensal fungus under certain conditions of the host (e.g., immunosuppression or antibiotic therapy), can transform into an invasive pathogen that adheres to mucous membranes and also to medical or dental devices, causing mucosal infections. This transformation is correlated with changes in cell morphology from yeast‐like cells to hyphae and is supported by numerous virulence factors exposed by C. albicans cells at the site of infection, such as multifunctional adhesins, degradative enzymes, or toxin. All of them affect the surrounding host cells or proteins, leading to their destruction. However, at the site of infection, C. albicans can interact with different bacterial species and in its filamentous form may produce biofilms—the elaborated consortia of microorganisms, that present increased ability to host colonization and resistance to antimicrobial agents. In this review, we highlight the modification of the infectious potential of C. albicans in contact with different bacterial species, and also consider the mutual bacterial‐fungal relationships, involving cooperation, competition, or antagonism, that lead to an increase in the propagation of oral infection. The mycofilm of C. albicans is an excellent hiding place for bacteria, especially those that prefer low oxygen availability, where microbial cells during mutual co‐existence can avoid host recognition or elimination by antimicrobial action. However, these microbial relationships, identified mainly in in vitro studies, are modified depending on the complexity of host conditions and microbial dominance in vivo.

Antifungal, anti-biofilm, and anti-hyphal properties of N-substituted phthalimide derivatives against Candida species

“…Biofilm formation commences with the adherence of yeast cells to the surface facilitated by nonspecific factors (e.g., electrostatic forces and cell surface hydrophobicity) or by fungal adhesin and invasion members of the Als (agglutinin-like sequence) and Hwp1 (hyphal wall protein 1) families ( Rapala-Kozik et al., 2023 ). Following the initial adhesion and hyphal proliferation, the accretion of extracellular polymeric substances occurs, followed by the maturation of the biofilm.…”