LNG (liquefied natural gas): A necessary part in China's future energy infrastructure

Lin, Wensheng; Zhang, Na; Gu, Anzhong

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.036

Cited by 182 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…EROI 3,i includes the same parameters as EROI stnd but also includes the delivery of the energy to the consumer (Atlason and Unnthorsson 2014b). We emphasize that after long-distance transport, oil and coal remain nearly unchanged, while gas (liquefied natural gas (LNG) or pipeline gas) will suffer losses (Lin et al 2010). Therefore, when calculating the EROI 3,i , it is necessary to exclude the losses during transport from the total energy outputs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During transportation by LNG/CNG trucks, as long as the pressure in the vessel does not exceed the design pressure, there is no product loss during transportation (Lin et al 2010); however, gas losses during transportation by pipeline are usually caused by fugitive emissions, flaring, and own use ). The gas losses in pipeline transportation can be calculated by the following equation:…”

Section: Csg Losses During Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Kong

Dong

et al. 2017

Pet. Sci.

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The studies and development of coal seam gas (CSG) have been conducted for more than 30 years in China, but few of China's CSG projects have achieved large-scale commercial success; faced with the boom of shale gas, some investors are beginning to lose patience and confidence in CSG. China currently faces the following question: Should the government continue to vigorously support the development of the CSG industry? To provide a reference for policy makers and investors, this paper calculates the EROI stnd [a standardized energy return on investment (EROI) method], EROI ide (the maximum theoretical EROI), EROI 3,i (EROI considering the energy investment in transport), and EROI 3,1?e (EROI with environmental inputs) of a single vertical CSG well in the Fanzhuang CSG project in the Qinshui Basin. The energy payback time (EPT) and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the CSG systems are also calculated. The results show that over a 15-year lifetime, EROI stnd , EROI ide , EROI 3,1 , and EROI 3,1?e are expected to deliver EROIs of approximately 11:1, 20:1, 7:1, and 6:1, respectively. The EPT within different boundaries is no more than 2 years, and the life-cycle GHG emissions are approximately 18.8 million kg CO 2 equivalent. The relatively high EROI and short EPT indicate that the government should take more positive measures to promote the development of the CSG industry.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Csg Losses During Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Kong

Dong

et al. 2017

Pet. Sci.

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“…In a report by the IEA (2002), reform in natural gas pricing and taxation policy was advocated as the best policy drivers in the national quest to increase the share of natural gas in the energy mix. The importance of supply diversity in price formation and supply security was addressed by Fernandez andPalazuelos (2011), Li andBai (2010), Shi et al (2010) and Lin et al (2010), for whom competition between Russian gas and LNG prices relative to coal prices is seen as critical in price formation, creating incremental demand and the development of infrastructure, and attracting new investment. These studies can be summarised as eventual development of a pricing system based on market fundamentals with short-term contracts with flexible terms, influenced by gas and competing fuel prices in the domestic and world markets.…”

Section: Brief Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

China’s Gas Market Liberalisation

Shi¹,

Variam²

2015

China's Domestic Transformation in a Global Context

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“…Conventional tankers, using steam turbine propulsion systems, could run on a range of different fuels; boil-off gas produced from the cargo tanks was compressed and burned in the boilers in place of some of the normal fuel oil, at the expense of LNG loss during transport (Lin et al 2010). However, in the new fleet used for Qatari LNG exports, the boil-off gas is re-liquefied and returned to the cargo tanks to manage the pressure and to minimise losses during transport, albeit at the expense of power consumption for liquefaction.…”

Section: The Lng Supply Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefied natural gas for the UK: a life cycle assessment

Tagliaferri

Clift

Lettieri

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is expected to become an important component of the UK's energy supply because the national hydrocarbon reserves on the continental shelf have started diminishing. However, use of any carbon-based fuel runs counter to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Hence, a broad environmental assessment to analyse the import of LNG to the UK is required. Methods A cradle to gate life cycle assessment has been carried out of a specific but representative case: LNG imported to the UK from Qatar. The analysis covers the supply chain, from gas extraction through to distribution to the end-user, assuming state-of-the-art facilities and ships. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted on key parameters including the energy requirements of the liquefaction and vaporisation processes, fuel for propulsion, shipping distance, tanker volume and composition of raw gas. Results and discussion All environmental indicators of the CML methodology were analysed. The processes of liquefaction, LNG transport and evaporation determine more than 50% of the cradle to gate global warming potential (GWP). When 1% of the total gas delivered is vented as methane emissions leakage throughout the supply chain, the GWP increases by 15% compared to the GWP of the base scenario. The variation of the GWP increases to 78% compared to the base scenario when 5% of the delivered gas is considered to be lost as vented emissions. For all the scenarios analysed, more than 75% of the total acidification potential (AP) is due to the sweetening of the natural gas before liquefaction. Direct emissions from transport always determine between 25 and 49% of the total eutrophication potential (EP) whereas the operation and maintenance of the sending ports strongly influences the fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP). Conclusions The study highlights long-distance transport of LNG and natural gas processing, including sweetening, liquefaction and vaporisation, as the key operations that strongly affect the life cycle impacts. Those cannot be considered negligible when the environmental burdens of the LNG supply chain are considered. Furthermore, the effect of possible fugitive methane emissions along the supply chain are critical for the impact of operations such as extraction, liquefaction, storage before transport, transport itself and evaporation.

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LNG (liquefied natural gas): A necessary part in China's future energy infrastructure

Cited by 182 publications

References 4 publications

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

China’s Gas Market Liberalisation

Liquefied natural gas for the UK: a life cycle assessment

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