Local Adaptation to Biotic Interactions: A Meta-analysis across Latitudes

Hargreaves, Anna L.; Germain, Rachel M.; Bontrager, Megan; Persi, Joshua; Angert, Amy L.

doi:10.1086/707323

Cited by 82 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…An alternative explanation is that floral visitation is more specialized in the tropics, independent of floral symmetry. Testing this hypothesis with greater rigor is beyond the scope of our data, but it would be consistent with recent syntheses finding stronger effects of biological interactions in the tropics [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species

Yoder

Gomez

Carlson

2019

Preprint

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ABSTRACTBotanists have long identified bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers as having more specialized pollination interactions than radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers. Zygomorphic flowers facilitate more precise contact with pollinators, guide pollinator behaviour, and exclude less effective pollinators. However, to our knowledge, whether zygomorphic flowers are actually visited by a smaller subset of available pollinator species has not been broadly evaluated. We compiled 53,609 floral visitation records in 159 communities around the world and classified the plants’ floral symmetry. Globally and within individual communities, plants with zygomorphic flowers are indeed visited by fewer species. At the same time, zygomorphic flowers share a somewhat larger proportion of their visitor species with other co-occurring plant species, and have particularly high sharing with co-occurring plants that also have zygomorphic flowers. The structures of visitation sub-networks for plants with different floral symmetry also differ in ways that may arise from differences in visitor diversity, with sub-networks of zygomorphic species showing greater connectance, greater asymmetry, and lower coextinction robustness of both plants and visitor species. These results provide context for widely documented associations between zygomorphy and diversification and imply that species with zygomorphic flowers may face greater risk of extinction due to pollinator loss.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Greater pollination specialization might also interact with global patterns of diversity, such as latitudinal gradients [21,22]: recent syntheses find evidence that biotic interactions are stronger in the tropics [23,24], though assessments of latitudinal effects on pollination specifically have mixed results [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species

Yoder

Gomez

Carlson

2019

Preprint

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“…However, we cannot parse the relative importance of these aboveground factors without further manipulative field experiments. Such a study would be important to our general understanding of local adaptation, as field studies to determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors are rare (Hargreaves et al, 2019). In contrast to the coastal site, belowground soil water availability directly drives local adaptation in inland habitats Lowry and Willis, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these inquiries have primarily focused on testing whether or not there is local adaptation of ecotypes to different habitats. Much more limited work has been conducted to identify the causative selective agents underlying local adaptation (Cheplick, 2015;Wadgymar et al, 2017;Hargreaves et al, 2019). Typically, studies of local adaptation have made use of field or laboratory findings and an understanding of regional natural history to make predictions about potential selective agents, whether they be herbivore resistance in aspect-specific stands of Quercus rubra (Sork et al, 1993), winter temperatures in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (Agren and Schemske, 2012), or predator avoidance via substrate crypsis in Chaetodipus intermedius (Hoekstra et al, 2005).…”

Section: Invited Special Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting environmental factors drive local adaptation at opposite ends of an environmental gradient in the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)

Popovic

Lowry

2020

American J of Botany

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Premise Identifying the environmental factors responsible for natural selection across different habitats is crucial for understanding the process of local adaptation in plants. Despite its importance, few studies have successfully isolated the environmental factors driving local adaptation in nature. In this study, we evaluated the agents of selection responsible for local adaptation of the monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus to California's coastal and inland habitats. Methods We implemented a manipulative reciprocal transplant experiment at coastal and inland sites, where we excluded aboveground stressors in an effort to elucidate their role in the evolution of local adaptation. Results Excluding aboveground stressors, most likely a combination of salt spray and herbivory, completely rescued inland annual plant fitness when transplanted to coastal habitat. The exclosures in inland habitat provided a benefit to the performance of coastal perennial plants. However, the exclosures are unlikely to provide much fitness benefit to the coastal plants at the inland site because of their general inability to flower in time to escape from the summer drought. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that a distinct set of selective agents (aboveground vs. belowground) are responsible for local adaptation at opposite ends of an environmental gradient.

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“…The role of biotic interactions in promoting or constraining local adaptation and range expansion has not been well studied in models (Case et al 2005), nature (Hargreaves et al 2020) or micro‐landscapes. We found only one study that directly examined range limits set by antagonistic interactions (Davis et al 1998), and none of expanding populations encountering resident competing species, even though such interactions can strongly affect climate change‐driven range shifts (Alexander et al 2015).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturizing landscapes to understand species distributions

Larsen

Hargreaves

2020

Ecography

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Species’ geographic distributions shape global patterns of biodiversity and therefore have long been of interest to ecology and conservation. Theory has generated valuable hypotheses about how landscape structure, dispersal, biotic interactions and evolution shape range dynamics, but most predictions have not been tested on real organisms because key variables are difficult to isolate, replicate or manipulate in natural ecosystems. An exciting and rapidly emerging approach is to extend classical microcosm and mesocosm systems to create experimental ‘micro‐landscapes’. By enabling researchers to manipulate geographic features of interest, replicate landscapes, control colonization and follow dynamics across evolutionary timescales, micro‐landscapes allow explicit tests of the ecological and evolutionary underpinnings of species distributions. Here we review the micro‐landscape systems being used to advance biogeography, the major insights they have generated thus far, and the features that limit their application to some scenarios. We end by highlighting important questions about species’ biogeography that are ripe for testing with experimental micro‐landscapes, particularly those of immediate concern given rapid global change, such as range contractions and constraints to range expansion.

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Local Adaptation to Biotic Interactions: A Meta-analysis across Latitudes

Cited by 82 publications

References 68 publications

Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species

Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species

Contrasting environmental factors drive local adaptation at opposite ends of an environmental gradient in the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)

Miniaturizing landscapes to understand species distributions

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