“…This has stimulated works aimed at validating the use of presence signs as indicators of relative abundance of small mammals (Liro 1974;Mankin-Rogalska et al 1986;Giraudoux et al 1995;Fichet-Calvet et al 1999;Van Horne et al 1999). Consequently, the use of presence signs is now widespread among small mammal ecological studies, namely, for our study species (Borgui & Giannoni 1997;Mira & Mathias 1994), for Microtus cabrerae Thomas, 1906(Santos et al 2005Pita et al 2006), Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1778 (Delattre et al 1996(Delattre et al , 1999, Arvicola sapidus Miller, 1908(Fedriani et al 2002, Arvicola terrestris Linnaeus, 1758 (Giraudoux et al 1997;Duhamel et al 2000;Fichet-Calvet et al 2000;Delattre et al 2006), Psammomys obesus Ctretzschmar, 1828 , Talpa europaea Cabrera, 1907 (Delattre et al 2006), Cryptomys zechi Matschie, 1900 (Yeboah & Akyeampong 2001) and other species (Giraudoux et al 1998). We defend the importance and urgency of developing and validating methods, such as using presence signs only, that allow a rapid assessment of species identity in the field, avoiding the logistical constraints of trapping.…”