Local and Long-Distance Calling: Conversations between the Gut Microbiota and Intra- and Extra-Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

Abstract

Preservation of health from infectious diseases depends upon both mucosal and systemic immunity via the collaborative effort of innate and adaptive immune responses. The proficiency of host immunity stems from robust defense mechanisms—physical barriers and specialized immune cells—and a failure of these mechanisms leads to pathology. Intriguingly, immunocompetence to pathogens can be shaped by the gut microbiome as recent publications highlight a dynamic interplay between the gut microbiome and host susceptibility to infection. Modulation of host immunity to enteric pathogens has long been studied where gut bacteria shape multiple facts of both innate and adaptive immunity. Conversely, the impact of gut commensals on host immunity to extra-gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections has only recently been recognized. In this context, the gut microbiome can augment host immunity to extra-GI tract bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. This review explores the research that affords insight into the role of the gut microbiome in various infectious diseases, with a particular emphasis on extra-GI tract infections. A better understanding of the link between the gut microbiome and infectious disease will be critical for improving global health in the years ahead.

Rectal microbiota among HIV-uninfected, untreated HIV, and treated HIV-infected in Nigeria

“…The rectal microbiota may be important in driving mucosal immune responses that defend against infectious pathogens and regulate local inflammation during receptive anal intercourse [1]. HIV has been implicated in reducing rectal microbiota diversity, shifting the composition of commensals, enhancing microbial translocation, and disrupting local immunity [2-8].…”

Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide alleviated intestinal injury and modulated intestinal microbiota in H1N1 virus infected mice

“…Recently, it was found that pathogens introduced into the respiratory system give rise to intestinal dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis affects lung immune responses, so a gut-lung axis theory was raised to describe the close relation between these two organs [32] . Emerging evidences present a modulatory role of gut microbiota in elicitation of an immune response to influenza and demonstrate that regulation of intestinal microbiota is potential for treatment of lung diseases [8,33] . A study showed the intestinal microbiota served as a protective mediator in the host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia [34] .…”

“…Normal gut microbiota, which participate in digestion, absorption and metabolism of the host, constitute the biological barrier preventing the invasion of harmful sub-stances [5] . Diversity and health of the intestinal microbiota is helpful for protecting against influenza infection [8] . The host will be affected adversely if the intestinal barrier is impaired.…”

Peran Mikrobiom Pada Infeksi Menular Seksual

“…Mikrobiota rektum penting dalam menimbulkan respons imun mukosa sebagai pertahanan diri terhadap patogen infeksius selama hubungan seks anogenital reseptif. 28 Mikrobiota rektum didominasi oleh 5 phyla, yaitu Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria, sesuai urutan jumlah terbanyak. Studi terdahulu menduga terjadi peningkatan Fusobacteria di antara orangorang dengan infeksi HIV lanjut yang belum diterapi obat antiretrovirus (ARV).…”