“…In studies by Neroev and colleagues [15,27], VEGF levels in the vitreous, subretinal fluid and serum were highest in the eyes operated for complicated PDR without preliminary anti-VEGF therapy, with mean values of 1151.6 pg/ml, 3490 pg/ml and 226.4 pg/ml for the vitreous, subretinal fluid, and serum, respectively, compared to 205.6±175.0 pg/ml, 775.4±560 pg/ml, and 140.5 ± 64.2 pg/ml, respectively, in the eyes operated for PDR with a stable course without preliminary anti-VEGF therapy. In addition, among eyes with PDR, tear VEGF-A levels were higher in those with a fibrovascular epiretinal membrane compared to those with a fibroglial epiretinal membrane.…”