Local Anesthesia for Cosmetic Procedures
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Cited by 2 publications
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Introduction: The most common method of local anesthesia of maxillofacial region in the modern surgical practice is conductive anesthesia of the peripheral branches of trigeminal nerve. In order to reach the total anesthesia of the lateral facial region it is necessary to block not only auriculo-temporal and buccal nerves, but also facial branches of great auricular nerve taking part in the innervation of parotid-masticatory area and the part of the cheek. Topographic-anatomical investigations of corpses revealed the anatomical variability of the branching of great auricular nerve on the neck and the head. Taking into account the topographic-anatomical aspects of variability of innervation of the lateral facial region, we developed the method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve. The aim: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve taking into account individual anatomical peculiarities of its branching in patients with the different forms of the skull. Materials and methods: Clinical observations were conducted on 69 patients of different age (from 18 to 70) and sex (43 males and 26 females). Under the local anesthesia we conducted surgery in the parotid-masticatory region including: disclosure of the abscesses, excision of migrating granulomas or lymph nodes (in the cases of chronic hyperplastic lymphadenitis); excision of the benign tumors of the soft tissues (atheromas, lipomas, fibromas and keratoacanthomas), excision of the salivary fistulas and keloid scars. Depending on the used methods of local anesthesia of the soft tissues of the parotid-masticatory region the patients were divided into two clinical groups. The first group (30 patients) was exposed to conductive anesthesia of great auricular nerve by the method of P. Raj (2002). according to which the blockade of the nerve is conducted ahead the apex of mastoid process of the temporal bone. 39 patients after the signing of the written agreement were exposed to the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve. In order to detect the individual anatomical features of the facial part of the head in patients, the facial index was determined by the Garson`s formula. Pain sensitivity and perception in patients were studied using subjective and objective methods. The data were analysed by means of the Pearson’s chi–square tests. Results: It is revealed that total anesthesia of the soft tissues of the parotid-masticatory region in all cases was reached in patients with euriprosopic face shape (broad-faced) – in 8 patients of the first clinical group and 10 patients of the second. The least effective was the anesthesia of the anterior branch of great auricular nerve conducted according to P. Raj’s method (2002) in patients with leptoprosopic face shape. In patients with leptoprosopic face shape of the second clinical group after administering anesthesia according to the developed method in 9 cases total anesthesia was reached, in 2 cases pain sensitivity in the inferior-anterior quadrant remained (χ2 = 5,70; р < 0,05). Generally, in patients of the first clinical group the method of conducted anesthesia by P. Raj was effective in 19 cases (63,3 %), and the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve – in 36 cases (92,3 %) – χ2 = 8,85, р < 0,01. Conclusions: The results of the research confirm that the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve is more effective in comparison to methods of anesthesia commonly used in today dentistry surgical practice. It allows to reach the total anesthesia of the soft tissues of the parotid-masticatory region in 92,3 % patients with different face shapes.
Introduction: The most common method of local anesthesia of maxillofacial region in the modern surgical practice is conductive anesthesia of the peripheral branches of trigeminal nerve. In order to reach the total anesthesia of the lateral facial region it is necessary to block not only auriculo-temporal and buccal nerves, but also facial branches of great auricular nerve taking part in the innervation of parotid-masticatory area and the part of the cheek. Topographic-anatomical investigations of corpses revealed the anatomical variability of the branching of great auricular nerve on the neck and the head. Taking into account the topographic-anatomical aspects of variability of innervation of the lateral facial region, we developed the method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve. The aim: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve taking into account individual anatomical peculiarities of its branching in patients with the different forms of the skull. Materials and methods: Clinical observations were conducted on 69 patients of different age (from 18 to 70) and sex (43 males and 26 females). Under the local anesthesia we conducted surgery in the parotid-masticatory region including: disclosure of the abscesses, excision of migrating granulomas or lymph nodes (in the cases of chronic hyperplastic lymphadenitis); excision of the benign tumors of the soft tissues (atheromas, lipomas, fibromas and keratoacanthomas), excision of the salivary fistulas and keloid scars. Depending on the used methods of local anesthesia of the soft tissues of the parotid-masticatory region the patients were divided into two clinical groups. The first group (30 patients) was exposed to conductive anesthesia of great auricular nerve by the method of P. Raj (2002). according to which the blockade of the nerve is conducted ahead the apex of mastoid process of the temporal bone. 39 patients after the signing of the written agreement were exposed to the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve. In order to detect the individual anatomical features of the facial part of the head in patients, the facial index was determined by the Garson`s formula. Pain sensitivity and perception in patients were studied using subjective and objective methods. The data were analysed by means of the Pearson’s chi–square tests. Results: It is revealed that total anesthesia of the soft tissues of the parotid-masticatory region in all cases was reached in patients with euriprosopic face shape (broad-faced) – in 8 patients of the first clinical group and 10 patients of the second. The least effective was the anesthesia of the anterior branch of great auricular nerve conducted according to P. Raj’s method (2002) in patients with leptoprosopic face shape. In patients with leptoprosopic face shape of the second clinical group after administering anesthesia according to the developed method in 9 cases total anesthesia was reached, in 2 cases pain sensitivity in the inferior-anterior quadrant remained (χ2 = 5,70; р < 0,05). Generally, in patients of the first clinical group the method of conducted anesthesia by P. Raj was effective in 19 cases (63,3 %), and the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve – in 36 cases (92,3 %) – χ2 = 8,85, р < 0,01. Conclusions: The results of the research confirm that the developed method of conductive anesthesia of the facial branches of great auricular nerve is more effective in comparison to methods of anesthesia commonly used in today dentistry surgical practice. It allows to reach the total anesthesia of the soft tissues of the parotid-masticatory region in 92,3 % patients with different face shapes.
Endometrial ablation in the Outpatient Setting
Endometrial ablation techniques are a minimally invasive, safe and satisfying option for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) treatment. The development of new faster devices with smaller diameters has made it possible to perform these procedures in office and outpatient setting under local anaesthesia with high patient satisfaction, fewer complications, shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery time reducing costs. In this article we analyse the management protocols for endometrial ablation in the outpatient setting to provide the best treatment option. A bibliographic search from 2013 in the Medline, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases was carried out with the keywords: endometrial ablation, outpatient, local anaesthesia, fundal block. Most studies reviewed show that 2nd generation endometrial ablation techniques are safer, faster, and equally effective for treatment of HMB than 1st generation ones and can be safe and feasible under local anaesthesia in office and outpatient setting. The combination of either intra- or paracervical anaesthesia with intrauterine cornual or fundal block is more effective at reducing pain. Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine are the anaesthetics of choice due to their potency duration with low adverse effects. Women should be encouraged to play an active role in selecting the type of surgery the setting and the model of care, based on a complete information, their personal preferences and expectations. Some aspects such as age, intention to become pregnant, other symptoms or comorbidities and failure of previous treatments will help to make the best choice.
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